城固出土5件商代青铜兽面饰的无损分析及初步研究

为对陕西城固出土的青铜兽面饰的保护修复提供科学依据,同时进一步揭示其所蕴含的制作技术和相关考古学信息,采用X光探伤仪、超景深显微镜、X荧光能谱仪及显微共聚焦激光拉曼光谱仪对5件商代青铜兽面饰进行了无损分析,分析结果显示,2件为锡青铜,3件为铅锡青铜,兽面饰表面铜锈以孔雀石CuCO₃·Cu(OH)₂为主,局部见赤铁矿Fe₂O₃、纤铁矿γ-FeOOH和钙质层CaCO₃。分析结果为这组青铜兽面饰的保护修复提供了科学依据。根据检测结果,对兽面的铸造工艺、补铸痕迹、铜料配比、小孔的制作工艺等方面进行了讨论,并与殷墟及老牛坡出土同类型器物进行了类比,从而得出了这一地区兽面饰的工艺、风格与该地区铜器整体风格一致的结论,为从材料与工艺层面认知“城洋铜器群”提供了坚实的数据基础。     

Neutron tomography for the assessment of consolidant impregnation efficiency in Portuguese glazed tiles (16th and 18th centuries)

Neutron tomography (NT) has been applied to visualize the inner structure of ancient Portuguese glazed tiles undergoing conservation treatments. Neutrons have the advantage of interacting strongly with hydrogen, so NT is able to map hydrogenous compounds with high sensitivity. The present study explores its potential for assessing the distribution of the consolidant Paraloid B-72 inside tiles, to evaluate the efficiency of two different methods of treatment: brushing and immersion in solution. Using a prototype NT setup at the Reactor Português de Investigação (Sacavém, Portugal), each two-dimensional image is obtained from a 90 s exposure, at a thermal neutron flux of 2 × 10⁵ n cm⁻² s⁻¹ at the irradiation site. The neutron beam has a diameter of 5 cm, so fragments with outer dimensions up to 4.8 cm can be inspected. Samples are automatically rotated by an angle of 0.9° between successive images. Images were obtained before and after the application of the consolidant. The results obtained show that: (i) NT is a useful tool for visualization of the inner structure of ancient glazed tiles, and to assess penetration depth of consolidant and its distribution inside the tile; and (ii) brushing with 10% Paraloid^® B-72 in acetone solution appears to be more efficient than immersion. Neutron tomography showed a greater and more uniform retention of resin inside the tile if the brush is used to apply the consolidant, to increase the cohesion of the object.     

乾隆御制碑病害的现场检测与评估

为了研究首都博物馆乾隆御制碑病害及保存状况,采用数码相机、非金属超声波检测仪、胶带结合力测试条、便携式色差计、便携式视频显微镜等多种无损或微损检测手段,对石碑风化程度、碑体表面裂隙发育情况、石碑表面污染与变色等进行了现场、无损/微损检测与评估。检测结果表明,乾隆御制碑存在的主要表层病害为污染与变色,石碑表面部分位置轻微结壳、结垢、溶蚀与裂隙发育,石碑整体风化不严重,保存状况较好。检测结果可为后续保护提供依据。     

Investigation of past archaeological landscapes using remote sensing and GIS: a multi-method case study from Mount Ida,Crete

Spatial analysis in geoarchaeological applications can be improved by implementing a wider set of geoecological parameters, in order to provide more precise results. The aim of the paper is to show how geoscientific ground-truth and techniques can be adopted for detailed archaeological studies using a comprehensive set of environmental variables that might have influenced ancient settlement patterns. The project focuses on spatial patterns of archaeological sites as well as Bronze Age communication paths in Central Crete by applying a multi-method approach (surveying, remote sensing, DEM analysis, least-cost analysis, candidate site detection, predictive modelling, etc.). In contrast to conventional archaeological GIS applications this enhanced strategy offers promising prospects regarding landscape and settlement modelling.     

云冈石窟风化检测研究进展

云冈石窟,作为我国规模最大的古代石窟群,是文化遗产的重要组成部分。由于年代久远,许多石质文物都遭受着严重的风化病害侵蚀,对其风化程度进行检测已经成为石质文物保护中的一项紧迫任务。随着检测技术的不断发展,石质文物风化的检测方法也越来越多,并且每种检测方法都有其侧重的检测目的和优势。本研究综述近几十年内曾使用过的重点检测方法,并分析每种检测方法的原理、优势和局限性,为云冈石窟风化检测和保护提供参考。     

偏振光显微镜在木斯塘档案纸张纤维检测中的运用

随着无损和微损检测技术的发展,对档案所用纸张的微观分析得到了越来越多的运用。目前最常用于纸张纤维观察与检测的方法是光学显微镜染色观察法,但该方法存在对染色剂的质量有很大依赖性的局限,利用偏振光显微镜则可以在不使用染色剂的情况下,更好地从纤维形态特征的角度作出纤维种类的鉴别。通过对偏振光显微镜运用于纸张检测分析中的相关研究进行综述,发现目前该技术在纸张纤维观察方面的研究尚处于理论分析阶段,缺乏实际的应用研究。利用偏振光显微镜对一批木斯塘档案所用纸张的纤维形态和其他成分进行观察与分析,说明偏光显微法在对档案纸张纤维形态的观察与判断以及对造纸纤维与纸浆中的其他细胞、晶体等物质进行区分时的有效应用及其独特的优势。     

The Influence of Salt on Handheld Electrical Moisture Meters: Can They Be Used to Detect Salt Problems in Porous Stone?

Salt contamination in heritage stone affects handheld moisture meter measurements on-site. This poses a problem when the readings indicate erroneously higher levels of moisture than actually present. For decision making with regards to moisture prevention treatment it is therefore crucial to distinguish between actual dampness and the hygroscopic action of salts. This study investigated the effect on moisture meter readings of both increased conductivity of pore water and the increased water retention caused by the presence of sodium chloride (NaCl) in artificially contaminated Portland limestone samples. The influence of NaCl contamination on selected handheld moisture meters was quantified. As a result, this article proposes that under certain circumstances moisture meters could be used to diagnose, reliably, both moisture and salt problems in heritage stone.     

1940年桂林版《救亡日报》的保护修复

为了研究纸质文物的保存状况、原料成分、制作工艺及病害原因,特对1940年桂林版《救亡日报》进行科学的分析检测及保护修复。采用Nicolet 8700型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析纸张纤维的官能团结构,采用XWY-Ⅵ型纤维测量仪对纸张纤维进行观察,以鉴定其纤维的种类形态;采用VHX-1000E视频显微镜及场发射扫描电子显微镜(JSM-6700F型)对纸张样品的加工工艺及老化程度和污染物进行分析,以确定其是否加填或施胶处理。在此基础上,在修复中采用传统的装裱技术和丝网加固技术相结合,对此件文物进行保护性修复。修复后的文物解决了缺失部分的配补,皱褶部位得以平整舒展,病害得以清除,纸张的强度得以增强,恢复了文物的原貌,从而提高了文物的整体性、观赏性,为展出、研究提供了更好的史料。     

Assessing XRF for the geochemical characterization of radiolarian chert artifacts from northeastern North America

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the benefits of adopting non-destructive energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) as a first-order technique to determine chert whole-rock geochemistry for archaeological sourcing. Chemical signatures for the Touladi and La Martre prehistoric quarries from the lower St. Lawrence and Gaspé Peninsula region of Quebec, Canada, are determined and serve as references to test the provenance of regional chert artifacts. Chert experimental flakes, created from quarry geological hand samples, are analyzed and used to validate the method. Archaeological flakes and tools recovered from three archaeological sites are analyzed and tested against quarry samples. Geochemical diagrams and Principal Component Analysis are used to establish artifact-quarry relationships. The effects of surface weathering on the geochemical analysis of archaeological chert artifacts are presented. Sample restoration and research avenues are discussed and proposed to further enhance the robustness of future chert geochemical data sets.