Practices of Solidarity: Opposing Apartheid in the Centre of London

International solidarity is frequently presented as an asymmetrical flow of assistance travelling from one place to another. In contrast, we theorise the more complex, entangled and reciprocal flows of solidarity that serve to enact social change in more than one place simultaneously. The international campaign against apartheid was one of the most widespread, sustained social movements of the last century. This paper examines the spatial practices of the Non‐Stop Picket of the South African Embassy in London (1986–1990). Drawing on archival and interview material, we examine how the Picket produced solidarity with those resisting apartheid in South(ern) Africa. We argue that how the need for anti‐apartheid solidarity was framed politically cannot be understood in isolation from how it was performed in practice. The study of solidarity is enriched by paying attention to the micropolitics of the practices through which it is enacted and articulated through key sites.     

Re-examining the chemical evaluation of diagenesis in human bone apatite

Isotopic analysis of human bone is becoming an increasingly important tool for the archaeologist in divining past life-ways. The isotopic ratios within bone are often assumed to be preserved as in life, but diagenetic change can alter the ratios, invalidating the results of isotopic analysis. Diagenesis can be evaluated in a number of ways, but most often spectroscopic techniques are utilised as the most efficient and easiest to understand methods for the archaeologist. Many isotopic studies do not report the possibility of diagenetic change, and if it is reported it has often been quantified using a single method of chemical analysis, FTIR spectroscopy. This study set out to test the value of FTIR analysis using human remains from the prehistoric site of Ban Non Wat, Northeast Thailand, and to compare the results with the non-destructive technique of FT-Raman spectroscopy. The study shows that FTIR spectroscopic analysis gives far less detail on the condition of bone than Raman spectroscopy, which does not merely indicate recrystallisation has occurred, but also shows clearly whether or not collagen is present, allows identification of ionic substitions which have occurred and identification of secondary minerals which have formed. Raman spectroscopy, combined with LA-ICP-MS analysis also revealed that soil composition and groundwater flow are the conditions which most affect diagenesis at Ban Non Wat.     

Source Effects on the Spectral Characteristics of Strong Ground Motions Recorded in Bucharest Area During Vrancea Earthquakes of 1986 and 1990

The August 30, 1986 (M_W ?=?7.1) and May 30, 1990 (M_W ?=?6.9) Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes, despite their almost similar magnitudes, have produced very different spectral contents as shown by the strong ground motions recorded in Bucharest and its surroundings. The differences can be attributed to different epicentral distances and to different values of the stress drop. The characteristics of the seismic ground motions recorded in Bucharest area in the 1986 and 1990 seismic events are discussed in the context of (a) the source characteristics of the two earthquakes and (b) the local soil conditions in Bucharest. Furthermore, an attempt is made to determine the soil factors S defined in EN 1998-1 EN 1998-1. 2004. Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance – Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings, CEN.  [Google Scholar] for the Bucharest area, based on the strong ground motion dataset recorded during the two seismic events.     

IMPACT OF POPULATION AGEING ON INDIA'S PUBLIC FINANCE

This paper integrates the methodology of the National Transfer Accounts and Budget Forecasting Model to compute and forecast the impact of population ageing on India's public finance from 2005 through 2050, based on the fiscal structure in 2004–2005. The empirical results are new and have useful policy implications. The forecasted increase in the share of total public expenditure on elderly individuals is largely accounted for by expenditure on civilian pensions and other cash transfers, government services, and poverty and other social protection. Elderly individuals are found to be not very expensive in terms of public health expenditure. Tax revenues increase and result in a decline of debt-to-GDP ratio because population ageing does not lower tax buoyancy in the long run. Overall, the increasing total budget surplus and fiscal support ratio implies that the long-term impact of population ageing may be fiscally sustainable.     

Moving peoples,changing diets: isotopic differences highlight migration and subsistence changes in the Upper Mun River Valley,Thailand

The dramatic growth of dietary isotope studies in archaeological literature attests to the significant potential this technique has for shedding light on past societies. Human diet reflects complex, inter-linked factors such as status, cultural preferences or environmental constraints on food production. In this study dietary isotope analysis is used to examine the human skeletal remains from Ban Non Wat, northeast Thailand. The study aims to use isotopic data to give insight into patterns of migration and subsistence strategy during prehistory. Ban Non Wat is the most comprehensively excavated site in the Upper Mun River Valley (UMRV), and understanding of prehistoric society in this area is crucial to answering questions of how social complexity arose in the region. Carbon isotope analysis has highlighted migrant individuals invisible to strontium isotope analysis and shown links between unusual burial practice and differences in diet. Results also indicate that diet changed substantially through time, with more reliance on rice in the Bronze Age, correlated with an increase in social differentiation. There is a move away from reliance on rice agriculture in the Iron Age, a time when oxygen isotopes show that environmental conditions were becoming drier, possibly resulting in rice agriculture becoming less viable.     

大型平原土体遗址主要地质病害及其保护治水工程技术研究

大量现场地质调查结果表明:大型平原土体遗址原地原样保护的主要环境地质病害是地下水形成的渗水对遗址及其文物造成的腐蚀和破坏,因而治水工程是这类遗址保护中最主要的岩土工程。结合该类遗址原地原样保护原则要求:①遗址围岩和文物的含水率要低于40%;②遗址区地下水位要长期保持在遗址底板高程减去土层毛细水上升的水平面上;③为遗址长期保护服务的地质工程要能长期保持稳定正常运行;④地质工程要与文物景观相容。提出了治水工程的基本技术思路;①查明遗址区水文、工程地质条件;②建立遗址区水文地质模型;③遗址区工程地质、环境地质问题评价;④遗址区治水工程方案论证;⑤工程优化设计;⑥工程施工。其中,治水工作的关键是查明遗址区水文地质条件和地下水渗流场的变化规律,而地下水数值模拟技术能够模拟计算地下水随时间的动态变化。本工作以抗州萧山独木舟遗址为例,分析了该遗址区的水文地质条件,采用地下水数值模拟技术模拟计算遗址区原始地下水位分布;根据遗址区工程地质条件和原始地下水位模拟结果,提出了暗沟疏干排水方案,并模拟预测疏干排水工程实施后地下水位随时间变化规律,模拟结果合理,能够用于指导治水工程设计施工。     

Material Modeling in the Dynamic Nonlinear Analysis for Recycled Aggregate Concrete Structures

Dynamic mechanical tests of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) test units confined by transverse hoop reinforcement are carried out. The effects of the strain rate, hoop reinforcement confinement, and replacement ratio of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) on the mechanical properties of confined recycled aggregate concrete (CRAC) are thoroughly analyzed and assessed. The strain-rate-dependent constitutive model of CRAC is proposed for the high strain rate representative of seismic conditions. A three-dimensional discrete numerical model, based on the proposed rate-dependent material model of CRAC, is established to investigate and evaluate the dynamic nonlinear behaviors of RAC structures.     

中国旅游资源的开发评价、途径和对策

分别从历史发展和多民族分布对文化风光,从地域分异规律对自然风光进行旅游开发评价,划分中国1级旅游文化区,以华北区为例划分2、3级旅游文化区,对海内外客人分层次讨论其旅游目的地选择。区域旅游不能完全取代跨区的长线旅游。指出中国旅游开发的途径和对策,对中国旅游业发展要有一个清醒的估计,不能有过高的期望。     

网络游戏旅游开发模型设计初探

网络经济时代,随着地理区位的弱化,传统地理学面临着如何在网络经济领域找到切入点的问题。本文以"天龙游"推出为契机,探讨网络游戏旅游这种新的旅游形式,以此作为地理学的切入点和传统旅游产业的创新点之一。由于网络游戏是一种特殊的旅游资源,不能同于传统资源的开发方式,所以本文尝试设计了一个新的开发模型-螺旋模型,并重点阐述了该模型的应用流程。     

Modern Human Origins—Distinguishing the Models

Four models of modern human origins were described and discussed by Aiello (Aiello, L. (1993) American Anthropologist 95: 73–96. She distinguished them as the African Replacement Model, the African Hybridization and Replacement Model, the Assimilation Model, and the Multiregional Model. All of these models have been modified and refined following further research and development by their proponents, but this is now leading to some confusion in testing the models. Whereas developments of the African Replacement Model have often been given distinct names, quite different versions of the Multiregional Model are still referred to under the original name. New ways of distinguishing the models are proposed, and the suggestion is made that some versions of the Multiregional Model should now be subsumed under the Assimilation Model, while others could perhaps be known under the term Multiregional Model 2.Quatre modèles représentant les origines de l'homme moderne furent décrits et discutés par Aiello (1993): le Modèle Africain de Remplacement (African Replacement Model), le Modèle Africain d'Hybridisation et de Remplacement (African Hybridization and Replacement Model), le Modèle d'Assimilation (Assimilation Model) et le Modèle Multirégional (Multiregional Model). Suite à de nouvelles recherches et de nouveaux développements, chacun de ces modèles a été modifié et affiné par ses partisans, ce qui, à ce jour, a mené à une certaine confusion lorsqu'il s'agit de tester ces modèles. Alors que les développements issus du Modèle Africain de Remplacement ont souvent reçu des noms à part, plusieurs variantes, toutes plutôt différentes les unes des autres, du Modèle Multirégional ne sont toujours connues que par leur nom d'origine. Ici je présente de nouvelles propositions ayant comme but de faciliter la distinction entre différents modèles. Je propose également que certaines variantes du Modèle Multirégional devraient à présent être comprises dans le Modèle d'Assimilation, tandis que d'autres pourraient peut-être prendre le nom de Modèle Multirégional 2 (Multiregional Model 2).