ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONAL HISTORICAL CLOTHING: AUTOMATED PRODUCTION OF A TWO‐DIMENSIONAL PATTERN*

A recurrent problem for scholars who investigate traditional and historical clothing is the measuring of items of clothing and subsequent pattern construction. The challenge is to produce exact data without damaging the item. The main focus of this paper is to present a new procedure for establishing a three‐dimensional model and the corresponding two‐dimensional pattern for items of skin clothing that are not flat. The new method is non‐destructive, and also accurate and fast. Furthermore, this paper presents an overview of the more traditional methods of pattern documentation and measurement. Their weaknesses and strengths are also assessed.     

Pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs in organic residue from the hoard of ancient Vani (western Georgia)

An investigation of pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs in the organic material in bronze objects found in Vani provides evidence that, in the first half of the first century BC, the climate of the area was cooler and much more humid than nowadays. The local population was engaged in cattle-breeding and agriculture, and both viticulture and horticulture were also well developed. The analysis of the contents of an oil lamp showed that the lamp was in use for a long time and was filled with flax oil. Large pieces of beeswax found in the hoard provide evidence of the existence of local bronze-casting industry. The palynological studies of the recent and fossil soil of Vani have shown that only in soil spectra large quantities of spores of various fungi were found, which distinguishes them from the domestic dust spectra. On the basis of this argument it was established that most part of the studied fossil material is not contaminated by the soil where the hoard of bronze objects was buried.     

Physical and Numerical Approaches for the Optimal Insertion of Seismic Viscous Dampers in Shear-Type Structures

This article presents the results of an exhaustive parametric analysis which compares the performances offered by various systems (which lead to both classical and non classical damping matrices) of added viscous dampers in shear-type structures. The aim of the research work here presented is the identification of the system of added viscous dampers which maximizes the dissipative properties under an equal “total size” constraint. The choice of the systems of added viscous dampers considered in the comparison is carried out both using a numerical approach (based upon the use of genetic algorithms) and a physically based approach (based upon the properties of classically damped systems). The comparison is carried out through the numerical evaluation of the dynamic response of representative shear-type structures to both stochastic and recorded earthquake inputs. The results obtained using both approaches indicate that a damping system based upon the mass proportional damping component of the Rayleigh viscous damping matrix (referred to as MPD system) is capable of optimizing simultaneously a number of different performance indexes, providing the best “overall” damping performances. The MPD system is characterised by viscous dampers (a) which connect each floor to a fixed point and (b) which are sized proportionally to the corresponding floor mass.     

Sensitivity Analysis for Soil-Structure Interaction Phenomenon Using Stochastic Approach

This article analyses 1.36 million realistic soil-structure interaction (SSI) scenarios in a systematic fashion to define the correlation between soil, structural, and system parameters and interaction effects on the structural response. In the analyses, a soil-shallow foundation-structure model that satisfies design building code requirements is utilized. It has been identified that soil shear wave velocity, shear wave velocity degradation ratio, structure-to-soil stiffness ratio, and structural aspect ratio combined with the system stiffness are the key parameters whose variation significantly affects variation in structural response. The critical range of variation of these parameters resulting in a detrimental SSI effects is also defined.     

Inelastic Displacement Response of RC Systems with Cyclic Deterioration—An Energy Approach

Inelastic displacements of reinforced concrete systems are investigated by employing an energy-based approach. A hysteresis model is developed that accounts for stiffness degradation, strength deterioration and pinching. The model is calibrated by using experimental data from literature. Inelastic displacement ratios are calculated under a specific set of ground motion records with long effective durations. The results reveal the importance of deteriorating behavior under long duration excitations, especially for short and medium period structures. The last part of the study is devoted to the introduction of a simple empirical relationship for estimating the inelastic displacement demands of degrading RC structural systems.     

Application of In-Test Model Updating to Earthquake Structural Assessment

Analytical methods are frequently utilized for structural assessment due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness. However, modeling of material inelasticity and geometric nonlinearity under reversed inelastic deformations is still very challenging and its accuracy is difficult to quantify. On the other hand, realistic experimental assessment is costly, time-consuming, and impractical for large or spatially extended structures. Hybrid simulation has been developed as an approach that combines the realism of experimental techniques with the economy of analytical tools. In hybrid simulation, the structural is divided into several modules such that the critical components are tested in the laboratory, while the rest of the structure is simulated numerically. The equations of motion solved in the computer enable the integration of the analytical and experimental components at each time increment. The objective of this article is to apply a newly developed identification and model updating scheme to acquire the material constitutive relationship from the physically tested specimen during the analysis to two complex hybrid simulation case studies. The identification scheme is developed and verified in a companion article, while the two experiments presented in this article are selected such that they address different structural engineering applications. First, a beam-column steel connection with heat treated beam section is analyzed. Afterwards, the response of a multi-bay concrete bridge is investigated. The results of these two examples demonstrate the effectiveness of model updating to improve the numerical model response as compared to the conventional hybrid simulation approaches.     

The Accumulation of Silica in Lakes

On the basis of available data on recent and fossil lake sediments with a high content of authigenic silica—diatomite—an attempt is made to identify those factors in the surrounding landscape and in the lake environment that account for the formation of these siliceous sediments. The presence of cause-and-effect relationships and the wide distribution of siliceous lake sediments, both at present and in the geological past, suggest that diatomite lakes can be treated as a distinctive lake type in a lake typology and limnological regionalization previously proposed by the author.     

基于交通网络中心性的长春市大型综合医院空间可达性研究

交通网络中心性是测度交通网络及社会经济活动可达性的有效手段。从交通网络中心性视角,结合可达时间研究长春市中心城区大型综合医院空间可达性。大型综合医院邻近度和中间性与距离(到人民广场路网距离)均呈负相关,在距人民广场最近处二者大致相等且最高,随着距离的增加,邻近度超过中间性。距人民广场4740-5799米处中间性超过邻近度并形成高值分布区,7862-8400米处二者均降到最低。约33.3%的大型综合医院空间可达性最好,其集中分布于以人民广场为中心的城市中心。空间可达性最差的大型综合医院约占总数的24.1%,多分布于城市边缘。空间可达性较差的大型综合医院为数不多,且多分布于城市周边。但高邻近度、高中间性、可达时间较长的大型综合医院主要分布于安达街沿线。高邻近度、低中间性,可达时间较短的大型综合医院则多分布于火车站前与新民大街沿线等城市中心位置。     

我国居民休闲参与的影响机制研究——基于CGSS2006的数据应用

文章以CGSS2006调查数据中10151位居民资料为基础,运用多层线性模型分析了个人和结构层次因素对我国居民休闲参与的影响。研究发现,尽管多数居民休闲参与的方差存在于个人层次的因素中,但是仍有约20%的总变异是由结构层次因素引起的。分析结果显示,在个人层次上,居民所属的世代、社会经济地位、个性对其休闲活动参与有显著影响:在结构层次上,家庭收入、职业类别、单位类型、都市化程度以及区域等因素与居民休闲参与有显著影响;在影响居民休闲参与中,结构层次因索给出了约束框架,并调节个人层次因素的影响力。