Politisch motivierte Emigration deutscher Ärzte

In 1933 the nazis had immediately started to reorganize the health service and the medical profession on the basis of eugenics and efficiency. For everybody who had been engaged in the institutions of social medicine or social hygiene in the Weimar Republic the inhibition of medical practice, misery, distress, persecution, imprisonment or at the best emigration had been the consequence of it, for political and mostly also for racial reasons. But for these physicians who had to flee from Nazi-Germany the situation in the immigration countries had not been a good one in most of the cases. Therefore it is only possible to speak - if you neglect the special situation of the psychiatrists in the U.S.A. - in particular cases of transfer of medical science into the immigration countries from Germany. Most of the immigrants stayed after the war in their new homelands. The loss of these progressive aspects of social hygiene caused by the emigration of these physicians 1933 and afterwards from Germany can be noticed in this field of medicine and public health service in Western Germany until now.     

Aspekte angewandter Wissenschaften in Moscheen und Klöstern (Teil I)

Only recently have the abundant sources relating to the application of astronomy to the needs of religious ritual in medieval Islam been studied, and it is now possible to write a new chapter in the history of Islamic astronomy. Simple techniques were advocated by the scholars of the religious law, highly sophisticated and complicated solutions were proposed by the Muslim scientists. It is not without interest to compare and contrast this activity, which lasted over a millennium, with that of the monks of the Christian Middle Ages. The history of the latter has not yet been written, and cannot be written from textual sources alone, as is clearly shown by some of the astronomical instruments presented here. The present essay, in which both the Islamic and Christian traditions are discussed side by side for the first time, is very much a preliminary venture, primarily intended to point to the inherent interest of the available materials for the history of science as well as for several other disciplines.     

« Vivre de sa Plume » Réflexions sur un topos de l’Auctorialité Moderne

What does it mean to « live by the pen »? The expression has often been invoked by historians advancing an account of progress in literary practices marked by the passage of writers from patronage to the marketplace; an account hoping to define authorial « modernity » with respect to an older model of the literary figure who is protected by nobility. Yet a careful examination shows that this progress towards economic autonomy based on the sale of works is hardly as self-evident as it has been assumed. This article thus studies the ambiguities of the historical account implicit in the idea of « living by the pen ». It then proposes a different approach, which considers this idea not as the reflection of a new professional reality, but as an element in a new rhetoric of self-presentation as intellectual. As a topos, the image designates and indeed, constitutes the social liberation of the author from nobility as well as his moral authority when his efforts to live off his writing inevitably fail yet he persists nonetheless to sacrifice his personal happiness for his art.     

乐事还同万众心——《货郎图》解读

研究者一般认为,南宋李嵩的《货郎图》是当时城乡之中四处活动的货郎小贩的写照,反映出宋代社会物质与经济生活的繁荣。但是如果与存世其他绘画作品中的“货郎”形象对比来看,《货郎图》中的“货郎”与现实生活中货郎的形象有不小的距离。本文试图通过另一种解读,将明代宫廷《货郎图》与南宋《货郎图》作为一个连续性的画题,论证《货郎图》题材实际上是宫廷元宵时节的节令绘画,以政府组织的元宵大型庆典中“货郎”杂扮表演为蓝本,是特定时间与空间的绘画,而非现实风俗的简单再现。本文最后对一些具体图像加以解读,尝试从图画与当时具体社会情境之间的关系来重新认识李嵩的杰作。     

全民族抗战新论——兼谈国共两党在抗日战争中的地位和作用

由中华民族最深刻最全面的觉醒和动员所取得的时代性进步是全民族抗战取得胜利的基础。国民党和国民政府在抗日战争中起到了不可替代的作用。中国共产党对抗日战争的作用不是领导的作用,而是导向的作用。中国共产党的正确导向和正确的战略、策略是全民族抗战胜利的根本保证。     

江泽民创新思想发展述论

江泽民创新思想的发展经历了萌芽阶段(1989～1994年)、发展阶段(1995～1999年)、成熟阶段(2000年以后)。在萌芽阶段江泽民比较关注科技创新、经济等体制创新;在发展阶段江泽民对创新的认识、论述向广度、深度发展,强调自主创新、增强持续创新能力、建立国家创新体系,并对创新进行了理论阐述;在成熟阶段江泽民突出强调了理论创新,对创新理论阐述更全面更深入,独具特色的创新思想及创新思想体系完全成熟了。江泽民创新思想的成熟,是中国共产党创新思想成熟的体现,是马克思主义创新思想新发展的体现,并引导中国共产党和全中国人民创造新的辉煌。     

NRM Regions in Australia: the ‘Haves’ and the ‘Have Nots’

This paper identifies external factors affecting the capacity of Australia's now‐formalised 56 regional natural resource management (NRM) bodies and their community‐based Boards to meet planning and management responsibilities. It demonstrates that little is known about the basic capacity‐related characteristics of NRM regions, despite the lengthy and elaborate process of regionalism that Australia has embarked upon, with its associated and substantial devolution of responsibilities and resources. A suite of indicators is used to develop an ‘exploratory’ capacity typology of NRM regions. The ten regional ‘types’ identified are found to attract varying budget allocations under the Natural Heritage Trust Extension and National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality. There are indications that State and regional interests within and outside NRM can significantly influence the distribution of resources. An examination of resources allocated to capacity‐building activities shows significant differences between regions in the scale of resources allocated (0–96% of total budget). The paper argues the case for intervention to reduce the gap between ‘have’ and ‘have not’ regions, and for further exploration of disparities in the allocation of resources to capacity‐building activities. Clarification is needed of the extent to which capacity‐building activities adequately target regional NRM bodies and their Boards.     

Obsidian provenance analyses at Göytepe,Azerbaijan: Implications for understanding Neolithic socioeconomies in the southern Caucasus

This study presents a provenance analysis of the Neolithic obsidian assemblages from the early to mid‐sixth millennium bc settlement at Göytepe, Azerbaijan. The study is unique in that (1) it involves a complete, non‐selected obsidian assemblage (901 artefacts) from one particular area of the site; (2) the material is derived from a well‐stratified sequence of 10 securely radiocarbon‐dated architectural levels; and (3) the use of an extraordinarily wide range of sources (more than 20) was identified by provenance analysis using energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence. The results reveal a previously unknown diachronic change in obsidian use in the region, suggesting the occurrence of significant socioeconomic changes during the Late Neolithic of the southern Caucasus.     

Ceramic Production in the Kur River Basin (Fars,Iran) During the Middle to Late Second Millennium bce: A Geochemical and Technological Characterization

A total of 119 middle to late second millennium bce pottery samples from six sites in the Kur River Basin (Fars, Iran) were examined to characterize these ceramics and reconstruct their manufacturing technology and the origin of the primary materials. For this, a combined study of handheld XRF and thin‐section petrography was performed. The geochemical signatures of these ceramics were defined and interpreted in their archaeological and geological framework, resulting in the determination of different production processes and clay types used for four ceramic wares (Middle Elamite, Qaleh, Shogha and Taimuran) and the identification of possible outcrops used for Shogha–Taimuran production.