Structural change and wife abuse: A disaggregated study of mineral mining and domestic violence in sub-Saharan Africa, 1999–2013

Mineral mining may be a mixed blessing for local communities. On the one hand, extractive industries can be a positive economic driver, generating considerable revenues, and opportunities for growth. On the other hand, mining is often thought to be associated with negative effects, such as pollution, and violent conflict. Existing research has shown that mine openings trigger a structural change in employment patterns in Africa, whereby women shift from agricultural work to the service sector, or leave the labor force. However, few if any systematic studies have addressed whether this structural shift may impact the level of violence within the household. Drawing on various versions of resource theory, we argue that mining – through such structural change – may increase women's risk of being abused by their partners. Recent advances in the literature on domestic violence (DV) suggest that prevailing gender norms moderate effects of resources. We test this empirically by matching georeferenced data on openings and closings of 147 industrial mines to individual data on abuse for up to 142,749 women from the Demographic and Health Surveys in 15 sub-Saharan African countries. We find no overall statistically significant effect of mine openings on the risk of partner abuse, although there are heterogeneous effects across countries. Furthermore, mining is associated with increased DV in areas with higher general acceptance of such abuse.     

安徽博物院所藏7幅潘玉良油画矿物色料的组成分析

油画具有色料种类繁多、同一色系的颜料多样及对环境比较敏感等特性,加上颜料自身的风化作用,仅凭肉眼难以分辨。在修复性保护工作之前,对需要补色、补底处原色料的鉴定是一项基础性的工作,以便为修复时色料的选择提供依据。为此,本研究运用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光(XRF)等方法对7幅安徽博物院收藏的待修复的潘玉良油画矿物色料进行了物相及成分分析,讨论了补色修复时色料选择应注意的问题,以避免因色料粉之间不兼容(起化学反应)而对画作造成的二次伤害。     

Manganese Black Pigments in Prehistoric Paintings: the Case of the Black Frieze of Pech Merle (France)

Different black pigments of natural origin (mineral or organic) have been examined by means of several analytical methods (colour measurements, elemental analysis and structural analysis). The results, after being compared with each other, then served as reference points in the study of the ‘Black Frieze’ of the cave of Pech Merle (Lot). After that, colour measurement was investigated in situ on the paintings as a means of displaying small differences (in hue or chroma) between the black colours. The aim of this study was to verify several hypotheses concerning the techniques used by the painters of Pech Merle, and specifically by the one(s) of the Black Frieze. A first objective was that of identifying the nature and, if possible, the origin of the black pigments used in these figures. A second objective was that of determining in which parts of the frieze one or the other (or one and the other) had been used; and the final objective was to provide new technical information that might help us better to understand how the Pech Merle frieze was produced, whether by a single painter and in one episode, for the most part, or, on the contrary, in several episodes and by a succession of different painters.     

古书画保护修复中的二次脱色现象及预防

中国古书画源远流长,在长期的收藏和传承历史中会出现各种各样的病害,传统书画修复技术因此得到发展。在书画修复中,观察和分析作品的病害情况是制定修复计划的重要前提,但保护修复中发生的脱色现象是后出现的二次病害,在修复计划中易被忽略以致画心被破坏,失去色泽变得暗淡,甚至出现部分内容缺失,对书画伤害极大,故而对修复中的二次脱色现象进行研究并优化相关修复技术是至关重要的。本工作以实践经验为基础,对古书画修复中的二次脱色现象进行全面的阐述和研究,从材料和工艺的角度分析了病害成因,将常见的修复中人为造成的脱色现象进行了分类,提出了修复中二次脱色现象发生的预防判断标准,优化了修复技术,为古书画病害的研究、书画修复技术的优化提供参考。     

天梯山石窟9窟彩塑与壁画地仗矿物 及颜料分析

天梯山石窟,即北凉石窟,在国内史学界誉为中国古代石窟鼻祖。据考证,9窟彩塑与壁画制作始于唐代,后经历代多次重绘。针对目前彩塑与壁画的保存现状及需要修复的状况,本研究运用现代分析仪器与技术,对9窟现存的彩塑、壁画进行了科学分析。其中,对彩塑及壁画地仗土层矿物进行了X射线衍射分析,对重层彩绘颜料进行了X射线衍射、X射线荧光分析;另外,对清理彩塑地仗时发现的植物茎秆及附属物,采用偏光显微分析技术进行了材质鉴定。分析和鉴定结果表明:9窟现存彩塑及壁画地仗土层具有相同的矿物组成,基本包括石英、长石(斜长石、少量的K-长石)、云母(白云母、绿泥石、伊利石、斜绿泥石)、方解石、少量石膏,并确定植物茎秆材质为稻草;在使用的彩绘中,黑色为墨,红色颜料有朱砂、铅丹和铁红,蓝色颜料为石青,白色颜料以方解石为主,有少量的石膏。本结果可为后期天梯山石窟的全面复原修复提供参考资料。     

大同华严寺辽代彩绘泥塑颜料与胶结剂的科学剖析

为揭示大同辽代华严寺彩绘泥塑颜料及胶结剂的化学成分及调制应用组合,对华严寺薄伽教藏殿内的典型颜料层样品进行了综合剖析。利用超景深显微镜、扫描电镜-X射线能谱、显微拉曼光谱等对彩绘样品中的颜料部分展开分析。结果表明,红色颜料主要是铅丹(Pb₃O₄)和朱砂(HgS),绿色颜料主要是孔雀石[Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂]和氯铜矿[Cu₂(OH)₃Cl],而且这两种颜色存在着同色系的两种颜料混和使用的情况。蓝色颜料则为蓝铜矿[Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂],黄色颜料为雌黄(As₂S₃),金色区域则主要是由金(Au)构成;采用红外光谱和甲基衍生化-热裂解-气相色谱串联质谱技术对彩绘样品中的胶结剂成分进行检测。结果表明,金色区域的胶结剂主要是熟桐油和胶蛋白,说明其中存在着“金胶油”的传统贴金工艺;而其他红、绿、蓝、黄等彩色...     

化隆县纳卡遗址彩陶颜料的拉曼光谱分析

本文利用拉曼光谱(Raman)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线荧光光谱(XRF)等方法,分析了青海省化隆县纳卡遗址出土的马家窑文化及齐家文化彩陶。结果显示:马家窑文化黑彩在不同文化阶段其显色机理不同,半山阶段黑彩以磁铁矿及黑锰矿为主,且Fe/Mn比值较低,反射率最低,呈现浓翠的黑色;而马厂阶段黑彩则以赤铁矿及黑锰矿为主,Fe/Mn比值较高,反射率偏高,主波长为400~450nm,呈偏紫色的黑彩。表明马家窑文化陶工已认识到赤铁矿与黑锰矿的混合矿物颜料、含锰磁铁矿二者之间具有不同的呈色性能,并且熟练掌握了浓淡的变换规律,使之满足于彩绘的需求。齐家文化黑彩以磁铁矿为主,含有锐钛矿,主波长为650~700nm,呈偏红黄色的黑彩,表明这个阶段彩陶的烧制温度不高,彩陶文化已趋向衰落。     

中国壁画颜料成分组成的探讨

中国壁画颜料的成分很复杂,应用历史也很长,唐代乾陵壁画是中国壁画技术应用的里程碑。本文研究源于三个公元8世纪的壁画,比较了中国古文中有关矿物颜料与植物染料的描述。当我致力于搞清各种颜料名称及成分时,我遇到了很大的困难,大量的颜料名称混杂不易辩别矿物颜料和有机颜料。壁画中大量应用的是本地产的矿物颜料,如：朱砂、赤土、孔雀石、蓝铜矿、雄黄、雌黄、高岭土、白垩土等。除了已知的矿物颜料和名称外,还有一些未确定的成分,如云母,很少在艺术史书籍中提及。壁画研究中最少涉入的领域是植物染料的应用,我认为植物染料是一种真正的壁画颜料,公元五世纪的书籍“起名要素”就是一个佐证。最重要的是,我从几种例子中发现了证据,就是植物成分与其它植物染料或矿物颜料混合应用在壁画中。本文希望能促进人们对不同物质在各种环境中习性的认识和了解,以期对保护实践活动有所帮助。我希望对壁画材料提一点自己的看法。     

云南大理黄矿厂遗址银铅冶炼技术研究

云南大理黄矿厂遗址是一处明清时期大型银铅生产遗址。在以往研究中,已有学者对该遗址的开采年代、银课总额进行了梳理,但在冶炼技术复原方面还需进一步的研究。本研究通过分析黄矿厂遗址四个地点冶炼的炉渣,对黄矿厂遗址银铅冶炼技术进行了重建。研究结果显示,黄矿厂遗址各地点炉渣可依据其形态特征、主微量元素、稀土元素配分曲线以及铅同位素比值的差异分为A、B、C、D四类。A、B、C类炉渣使用焙烧还原熔炼法,D类炉渣则使用铁还原沉淀熔炼法进行冶炼。铅同位素测试结果显示B、C类炉渣所用矿石的铅同位素特征近似,D类炉渣则具有明显偏高的铅同位素比值。稀土元素的分析结果显示B类炉渣的δEu呈负异常,而其他三类均为轻微正异常。A类炉渣中一件含有高放铅,其余为与B、C类近似的普通铅,微量元素含量较为离散,分布范围远大于其他各类,显示了较为多元的银铅矿物来源。综上,黄矿厂遗址工匠可能使用了多种不同工艺进行冶炼,所用铅矿物可能来自多个不同矿床,显示该遗址在较长的生产周期中发生了多次生产技术与资源的变迁。