穆斯堡尔谱技术在考古研究中的应用

穆斯堡尔谱技术是研究固体物质超精细相互作用的有效手段之一,与其它多种测试方法相比,穆斯堡尔谱方法以其高分辨率、高灵敏度、强抗干扰能力,及其对试样的无破坏性等而广泛应用于考古研究中。本文主要介绍穆斯堡尔谱技术在古陶制品、古瓷器及釉彩、古代铜制品及其他金属制品、古代壁画等考古研究中的应用,并对其发展进行评价与展望。     

A non-invasive study of Roman Age mosaic glass tesserae by means of Raman spectroscopy

Ancient mosaic tesserae are a range of materials of very varied and complex nature, including pottery, stone and glass. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the analysis of all these kinds of materials. In the particular case of glasses, this technique can be used both for a study of surface weathering and for the characterization of bulk structure, but it has not yet been extensively used for the characterization of mosaic glass tesserae. We carried out Raman analyses on a set of Roman and Late Antiquity period mosaic glass samples, which allowed a good characterization of both the glass matrix and the crystalline inclusions. All the samples show the typical Raman signatures of soda-lime-silicate glasses. Several crystalline phases were also identified, being relics of raw materials used during the glass manufacturing process, such as quartz and feldspars, or linked to the glass color/opacification, such as bindheimite and cuprite. The analyses also led to the identification in some blue, turquoise and green tesserae of calcium antimonate, whose Raman signature has only recently been recognized in the scientific literature on mosaic glasses. Some emphasis is given to the analysis of red lead-containing tesserae, colored with Cu⁺ ions or even Cu⁰ (or Au⁰) metal nanoparticles. Samples with peculiar compositions, as well as “modern” (and restoration) samples, could quite easily be distinguished from the ancient ones by their Raman spectra.     

中华民国三十四年中央银行纸币印刷颜料无损研究

法币在中国货币史特别是近代货币史上有着重要地位。1935年11月至1948年8月间,先后发行了15种从"壹分"到"壹萬圆"不同面额的法币,由中外十六家不同印刷公司承印,版别多达百余种。本研究利用超景深三维视频显微镜、激光显微共聚焦拉曼光谱仪和便携式X射线荧光光谱仪,对11枚1945年(中华民国三十四年)中央银行发行的壹仟圆法币的印刷颜料进行了无损研究。结果表明,红色部分(印章、冠字号、纹饰等)普遍使用了有机合成染料系列颜料红PR,而蓝色、绿色、棕色部分普遍使用了普鲁士蓝、铅铬黄和炭黑等颜料进行调配呈色。这些信息能够为纸币类文物的鉴别、保护修复以及相关研究提供依据。     

A Roman Egyptian Painting Workshop: Technical Investigation of the Portraits from Tebtunis,Egypt

Roman‐period mummy portraits are considered to be ancient antecedents of modern portraiture. However, the techniques and materials used in their manufacture are not thoroughly understood. Analytical study of the pigments as well as the binding materials helps to address questions on what aspects of the painting practices originate from Pharaonic and/or Graeco‐Roman traditions, and can aid in determining the provenance of the raw materials from potential locations across the ancient Mediterranean and European worlds. Here, one of the largest assemblages of mummy portraits to remain intact since their excavation from the site of Tebtunis in Egypt was examined using multiple analytical techniques to address how they were made. The archaeological evidence suggests that these portraits were products of a single workshop and, correspondingly, they are found to be made using similar techniques and materials: wax‐based and lead white–rich paint combined with a variety of iron‐based pigments (including hematite, goethite and jarosite), as well as Egyptian blue, minium, indigo and madder lake to create subtle variations and tones.     

交流阻抗法评价铁质文物封护剂耐蚀性的研究

交流阻抗技术作为一种重要的电化学测试方法被广泛应用于各工业领域,本工作将交流阻抗技术应用于研究铁质文物封护剂的性能。为了更好研究封护剂的耐蚀性能,运用交流阻抗技术的基本原理,及用该技术对铁质文物复合封护剂与聚氨脂乳液封护剂电化学性能进行测试研究。结果证明,复合封护剂的性能优于聚氨酯乳液。实验结果提示,交流阻抗法为文物封护剂的研究提供了一种快速有效的检测方法。     

The Volterran Urns: Etruscan Painting and Travertine Supply

The artistic evolution of the Volterran cinerary urns is a good representation of Etruscan painting from the fourth to the first century bc . The interest generated by this type of object directed our research towards the study of the Volterran artefacts, including the analysis of the pigments as well as that of the rocks used for the coffers. The entire colour range shown by the painted urns has been sampled and investigated through Raman microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Rock samples were taken both from the urns and from outcrops in ancient carbonate rock quarries near Volterra, from where they may potentially have been sourced. A set of 30 samples was collected and submitted to stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses. The results obtained showed that the pigments used for the decoration of the Volterran urns were basically constituted by red ochre, Egyptian blue, carbon black and gypsum. The identification of lead‐based pigments and barium sulphates further informed us about old restorations undergone by several urns. As far as the provenance issue is concerned, the isotopic data indicate that the rocks used for the four urns were favourably comparable to those outcropping at Pignano, while two other urns were more similar to those sampled along the Elsa River at Colle Val d'Elsa.     

Characterization of some ancient glass beads unearthed from the Kizil reservoir and Wanquan cemeteries in Xinjiang,China

A total of 33 ancient glass beads unearthed from the Kizil reservoir cemetery and Wanquan cemetery in Xinjiang are studied using Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS) and other methods. The detailed study of the glassy matrices, the crystalline inclusions and the microstructural heterogeneities for these glass beads has revealed some valuable information to help in the understanding of their possible manufacturing technology and provenance. At least two different types of glass were present in the two cemeteries. For the first time, antimony‐based colourant/opacifier—for example, Pb₂Sb₂O₇ or CaSb₂O₆—was systematically identified in some beads of plant‐ash type soda–lime glass dated to about 1000–500 bc . The limited number of potash glass beads from the Kizil reservoir cemetery, which were dated to about 500–300 bc , used tin oxide as an opacifier. The diverse resources of the soda–lime and potash glasses indicate the existence of a complex trade network between China and the West much earlier than the Western Han Dynasty.     

红外光谱在文物保护中的应用介绍

文物信息的提取与研究对于揭示古代遗物包涵的人类社会、文化等历史信息有着举足轻重的作用:一方面可以了解古代的工艺技术特征,探寻文物制作技术起源及其发展历程;另一方面可以进行病害调查分析,为保护文物提供有价值的信息。本工作以红外光谱技术为出发点,细致梳理了目前红外光谱在文物保护中的应用,包括无机质文物中青铜器、土壤、颜料、珠宝玉石,有机质文物中纸张、丝织品、彩绘胶料、有机残留物,以及保护材料。提出该技术具备应用范围广、特征性强、无损或微损样品、不受样品物态限制等优势,但同时不适合分析含水样品、定量分析时误差大、解析图谱时依靠经验等局限性。揭示显微红外光谱技术在无损分析文物方面的广大前景,为文物保护研究与实践提供参考和借鉴意义。     

几种罕见的黄铜钱币锈蚀产物的识别与形成原因探析

我国从明中期开始使用黄铜钱币,一直到清末。过去,对古代铸币的科学研究主要集中于合金成分分析和铸造工艺两方面,对锈蚀产物和锈蚀机理的研究主要针对青铜铸币。黄铜的合金元素中较青铜多锌元素,其腐蚀产物与腐蚀行为较青铜有一定的差别,也较青铜更为复杂,然而现有的文献关于此方面的研究匮乏,特别是对于大气保存环境下黄铜钱币的锈蚀产物及锈蚀成因的研究基本空白。本研究通过多种分析手段包括X射线荧光分析仪(XRF)、扫描电镜能谱仪(SEM-EDS)和显微激光拉曼光谱仪(Raman)对国家博物馆馆藏一批传世明清各时期的黄铜钱币合金组成,不同颜色的锈蚀产物等开展科学分析。研究结果表明,嘉靖、隆庆和万历年的黄铜铸币,为Cu+Sn+Pb+Zn四元合金,平均含量Cu 66.4%,Sn 6.8%,Pb 10.4%,Zn 15.6%,并含有微量Fe,不含As。泰昌、天启和崇祯年间及清代各时期的黄铜铸币,主要为Cu+Pb+Zn三元合金,并含有微量Fe、As和Sn。这批黄铜锈蚀产物与常见的青铜锈蚀产物不同,最典型的是钱币表面蓝绿色和白色锈蚀物,经Raman和SEM-EDS分析并结合相关文献初步确认蓝绿色锈蚀物为一种含铜、钠...