从文物法规到中国特色文物法律体系

目前,中国特色文物法律体系已经形成,该体系是在不断总结新中国成立以来文物保护与管理的工作经验的基础上逐步形成的,历经只见文物法规、而无文物法律的初创阶段;法律、法规、规章和规范性文件各等级法律规范齐备的发展阶段;各类法律规范迅速出台、调整范围广、立法质量进一步提高的形成阶段.该体系是在中国文物保护实践中不断成长起来的,具有鲜明的中国特色,并将与时俱进,日臻完善.     

The eponymous legacy of Sir William Richard Gowers (1845–1915): A revealing letter

The eponymous legacy of Sir William Richard Gowers (1845–1915) was the subject of a comprehensive appraisal first written for this journal late last year. Since the completion of that work, a revealing February 1903 letter has come to light recording, amongst other things, Gowers’ firsthand and somewhat private opinions concerning some of his own eponymous contributions to medicine. This addendum to the primary author’s original article will review and contextualize this very interesting find as it relates to Gowers’ eponymous legacy. Gowers’ “ataxic paraplegia” (referred to as “Gowers’ disease” in the letter) and “syringal hemorrhage” are specially considered, and his broader neological contributions are also briefly addressed. For completion, a number of other previously unnoticed eponyms are added to the already impressive list of medical entities named in Gowers’ honor, and a more complete collection of eponyms found in Gowers’ Manual are tabulated for consideration.     

Environmental Degradation of Russian Coastal Regions: Exploring the Gulf of Finland

An American geographer and Russian ecologist discuss current and prospective environmental hazards precipitated by large-scale infrastructure projects on Russia's southern coast of the Gulf of Finland. The region, investigated by both authors during the course of regular field research from 1999 to 2009, is one of the best environmentally preserved coastlines of the Baltic Sea with abundant potential greenfield sites, largely due to its closed-border-zone status during the Soviet period. A favorable location for trade also places the region under intense development pressure. The authors devote particular attention to two major developments, a multifunctional port complex (which inter alia serves as a major pipeline terminus and oil export port) and expansion of an existing nuclear power plant. Based on extensive personal observations and government documents, they analyze the emerging environmental threat posed by these initiatives as well as the challenging political environment that discourages public participation and local involvement in spatial planning.     

浅谈我国的不可移动文物所有权

第三次全国文物普查中要求普查者对不可移动文物的所有权进行登录,但在登录时出现了所有权认定不准确现象,由于《文物保护法》中对国有和非国有不可移动文物的不同规定,将给以后的保护工作带来不利的影响。因此,要正确把握不可移动文物的所有权,以便为国家制定相关的文物政策提供参考,为文物保护工作提供依据。     

Shoreline Change and Coastal Vulnerability Characterization with Landsat Imagery: A Case Study in the Outer Hebrides,Scotland

Abstract

Observation of cause–effect patterns of change in coastal environments provides insights into vulnerable areas and supports prediction and adaptation to flooding and erosion. Historic and periodic (6–8 year intervals) imagery from the Landsat archive is used to investigate transformations in the Atlantic coast of two Scottish islands over the period 1989–2011. Supervised classification of spectrally normalized images followed by change detection and spatial analysis reveals the patterns of change and the location of the most dynamic coastal areas. Quantitative measures of recent shifts and movement rates of relevant coastal lines, such as the lower limit of land-based vegetation, are assessed with the Digital Shoreline Analysis System. While very low rates are indicated for horizontal changes in the position of the lower limit of land-based vegetation (0.3?m?y^?1), specific areas have been subjected to high rates of coastal progradation as well as erosion (e.g. 2.5?m?y^?1 at Stilligarry). Information derived from satellite data supports the characterization of geomorphologically dynamic coasts at regional scales. With a rich and open access archive of imagery, a commitment to continuity, and compatibility with the Earth observation missions of other space programs, the Landsat mission offers useful and otherwise unavailable data for monitoring of coastal areas.     

水乡寻镇 江南织梦——《清代江南市镇与农村关系的空间透视》述评

本述评围绕吴滔新著《清代江南市镇与农村关系的空间透视》的主要思路和问题脉络,尝试对江南市镇研究及区域历史地理研究提出若干探索方向。评述者讲述其与吴滔近十年在江南共同开展实地调查的真实经历,从而阐释书中有关水乡聚落环境、市镇型塑机制、市镇空间生产等重要分析框架的缘起和旨趣,进而提出尚待商榷和推进的若干课题。     

Non-Iterative Equivalent Linearization Based on Secant Period for Estimating Maximum Deformations of Existing Structures

The capacity spectrum method of ATC-40 uses the secant period as the equivalent period of equivalent linear systems. Therefore, it results in a direct graphical comparison. The maximum inelastic displacement and acceleration demands of structures can be simultaneously obtained from the intersection of the demand and capacity diagrams. However, for evaluation of existing structures, the demands need to be determined through iterations since the equivalent period and damping of the equivalent linear systems currently available are both a function of the (displacement) ductility ratio, which is unknown and is the target of evaluation. In addition, the equivalent damping used in the capacity spectrum method is independent of periods of vibration. It may lead to poor estimations of maximum responses especially for short-period systems. This article proposes two equivalent linear systems based on the secant period to estimate the maximum displacement and acceleration responses of existing structures. Both the recommended equivalent period and damping are defined by the strength ratio (elastic lateral strength/yield lateral strength), rather than the ductility ratio. Because the strength ratio of existing structures is a known parameter, the maximum displacement and acceleration responses of these structures can be determined without iterations. Besides, effects of periods of vibration on the equivalent linear systems are also included in this study. The equivalent damping is derived from statistical analyses for bilinear single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems with different periods of vibration, strength ratios and post-yield stiffness based on 72 earthquake ground motions recorded on firm sites. Procedures and examples for applications of the proposed equivalent linear systems on nonlinear static analysis procedures are also provided.     

Analysis and Design of Inter-Story Isolation Systems with Nonlinear Devices

Seismic isolation systems that mitigate seismic response are generally applied at the base of a building; however, architectural, functional, and cost considerations have motivated the application of isolation systems at inter-story locations. In this article, we systematically examine the effectiveness of inter-story isolation systems as a function of their location, and explore alternative approaches for selecting their properties. Single-story isolation systems are shown to be effective in mitigating force demands above the isolation system but less effective in mitigating forces below the isolation system. Finally, the practical aspects of designing an inter-story isolation system to accommodate light loads are discussed.     

Completeness Verification of Complex Response Spectrum Method for Underdamped and Overdamped Multiple-Support Systems Regarding the Decoupled Damping as Mathematical Parameter without Physical Meaning

The completeness of the complex response spectrum method for both formally underdamped and overdamped modes is theoretically proved, and the physical meanings of the decoupled modes as well as involved parameters are recognized and clarified in this paper. For the system with relatively large non-classical damping, the eigenvalue pairs generated by the complex mode decomposition method are real and the so-called modal damping ratios are larger than unity. In this paper, we firstly clarified that the decoupled modes are virtual and the so-called modal frequency and damping ratio are mathematical parameters that have no physical meaning. Then, the completeness of the complex response spectrum method for both formally underdamped and overdamped modes is rigorously proved by allowing the “damping frequency” to be an imaginary number. For the virtually overdamped modes, Duhamel integral involved in the calculation for formally underdamped modes automatically convert to hyperbolic Duhamel integral. A numerical example taken from the published literature is given to verify this method. Structural responses for the system with coupled damping under multi-support seismic excitations are further analyzed and numerical results indicate the accuracy of complex response spectrum method.     

后55年体制下的日本市民运动

本文拟从“后55年体制”下的日本市民运动这一角度出发对当代日本社会的发展演进做一分析,笔者认为,从中长期的发展看,20世纪90年代后期出现的“后55年体制”是一种过渡性体制,日本政治在未来相当一段时期仍将处于一个寻求变革的调整期,在这一调整期,方兴未艾的日本市民运动正在成为对当代日本政治产生巨大影响的重要因素,基于这一认识,笔者还就当代日本市民运动的发展基础与“后55年体制”下的日本市民运动的积极因素做了初步的分析和讨论。