The Mythical Moderns

Based on the most current information available on the Late Pleistocene palaeoanthropology of Europe, this paper presents a revolutionary reassessment of the dominant models. The notions of an introduction of African technologies and the full replacement of resident robust hominins are rejected. It is demonstrated that there exists no evidence that any of the Early Upper Palaeolithic tool traditions, including the Aurignacian, were by ‘anatomically modern humans’. The introduction of hominin gracility, in Europe and in three other continents, occurred gradually, over a period of several tens of millennia. What were replaced were not entire continental populations, but robust genes in humans, through genetic drift, introgression and cultural selection of gracile traits, initially in the females. Therefore ‘anatomically modern humans’, which were preceded by cognitive modernity, are the result primarily of incidental selective breeding.     

安徽繁昌窑青白瓷釉初步研究

本文利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪与电子探针能谱仪对安徽繁昌窑青白瓷釉的显微结构、物相和化学组成进行了分析,并与同时期的湖北青山窑和江西景德镇窑青白瓷釉进行了对比研究,认为繁昌窑青白瓷釉属于钙系釉中钙釉类型,其瓷釉配方工艺与青山窑与湖田窑相似,应由一种“釉石”加入石灰石及草木灰制成。     

齐国及明代钱币的金相学考察

选择钱币发展过程中几个重要阶段的钱币样品,利用金相显微镜,扫描电子显微镜及x射线能谱仪检测分析钱币的金相结构及合金成分。检测数据揭示,各历史时期钱币合金的性质与化学方法检测的同一样品的合金成分比较吻合。齐刀币早期阶段含锡量较高,晚期阶段含铅量远高于含锡量,并且成分比较稳定,表明当时已有统一的规范。黄铜合金货币的合金成分随着时代的递增发生明显的变化,由锡黄铜向无锡黄铜转化,含铅量呈下降趋势,含锌量呈增加趋势,组织形态由a相黄铜转化为a B两相黄铜,由此完成了由铜-铅-锡青铜向黄铜乃至成熟黄铜的转变过程。     

陕西韩城普照寺彩绘泥塑制作材料与工艺研究

普照寺位于陕西省韩城市,寺内现存有五尊精美绝伦的元代彩绘泥塑。为了解普照寺彩绘泥塑制作材料与工艺,采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微红外光谱仪、显微拉曼光谱仪、扫描电镜-能谱仪和X光照相等技术手段进行科学分析。结果表明,普照寺彩绘泥塑内部结构为十字型交叉木骨架,粗泥层和细泥层塑土矿物成分基本一致,具有强度高、抗风化能力强和可塑性好的特点;粗泥加筋材料为麦秸秆和麦粒壳,细泥加筋材料为棉和麻;颜料层显色成分除蓝色外均为古代壁画常见的矿物颜料,存在重层重彩情况。研究结果将为普照寺彩绘泥塑的后续保护修复提供科学依据,并为陕西地区元代彩绘泥塑传统工艺的研究补充科学信息。     

从邓小平、江泽民到胡锦涛:社会主义文明观的新发展

邓小平科学界定了物质文明和精神文明的内涵及其辩证关系;江泽民第一次提出了“社会主义政治文明”的概念,形成了建设“三个文明”的社会主义文明观;胡锦涛提出包括构建社会主义和谐社会在内的“四个文明”建设思想。它们共同构成了中国特色社会主义文明观的重要内容。     

长沙风篷岭M1出土漆器检测研究

长沙市风篷岭M1出土漆器百余件,为研究该批漆器的制造工艺及保护修复方法。选取多个样品采用扫描电子显微镜、X荧光光谱仪、红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪等进行含水率、木胎种质、漆膜和漆灰成分多项检测。结果显示:木胎漆器含水率远大于夹纻胎;木胎漆器材质有楠木、梓木等;底漆层厚度大于面漆层;漆膜中的红色颜料为HgS,黑色颜料为C,白色颜料中含Ag较高;漆灰中含有大量SiO_2和CaO。本研究成果为研究夹苎胎漆器制作工艺提供了可靠依据。     

Islamic glass in the Christian Kingdom of Alwa: Chemistry of shards from Soba,Nubia, Sudan

Excavations at Soba, the capital of Alwa, between 2019 and 2022 yielded more than 30 glass fragments in addition to a glass cosmetic bottle. An analysis of 30 glass samples has identified glass belonging to a number of compositional groups. The majority of fragments were made of plant ash-soda glass produced in the Middle East (Iran, Iraq) between the 9th and 10th centuries, and in the Eastern Mediterranean (Levant and Egypt) between the mid-10th and mid-12th centuries. Seven fragments were made of mineral–soda-lime glass produced in 9th-century Egypt and three high-lead glasses find analogies in the 9th- to 11th-century glass. Archeological evidence, as well as textual sources, leave no doubt about Alwa’s intense transcultural connections. This article provides the first insight into the chemistry of glass shards from medieval Nubia, and the results of analysis contribute to evidence for long-distance contacts of Soba, the capital of one of the medieval kingdoms of Sahelian Africa.     

Chemical Analyses of Sarmatian Glass Beads from Pokrovka, Russia

The chemical composition of 18 glass beads from Early Sarmatian period burials were determined using electron probe microbeam analysis and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. The beads were made from high-magnesia-soda-lime-silica glass, leaded-soda-lime-silica glass, low-magnesia-soda-lime-silica glass and low-magnesia-high-potash glass. Multivariate analysis of the major oxides suggests that there are five distinct glass recipes used to manufacture these beads. These various glass recipes indicate the involvement of the Sarmatians in exchange/trade networks linking the Eastern Mediterranean, the Indian subcontinent, and China.     

External validity of hedonic price estimates: Heterogeneity in the price discount associated with having Black and Hispanic neighbors

We examined the hedonic price of neighborhood racial composition across a sample of 180 US housing markets and compared heterogeneity in results. Statistically significant estimated price elasticities calculated at the mean ranged from ?0.61 to 0.2 and ?0.26 to 0.21, for increases in Black and Hispanic neighborhood proportion, respectively. Hedonic price discounts for Black neighborhoods were greater when land supply was more inelastic, when the land value share of the housing cost was greater, and in the southern portion of the United States. Hedonic price discounts associated with Hispanic neighborhoods exhibited no patterns relative to geography or housing supply factors.     

青海瞿昙寺瞿昙殿壁画制作材料与工艺初步分析

青海瞿昙寺是中原地区至今保存较完整,集古建、雕刻彩绘和壁画于一体的明代早期官式建筑群。瞿昙寺瞿昙殿现存壁画约217.5 m²,是中原地区经典的明代早期藏传佛教壁画,具有珍贵的历史和学术研究价值。本研究通过显微镜(OM)、剖面分析(Cross-section)、扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等多种分析方法,对瞿昙寺瞿昙殿壁画制作材料及工艺开展了初步调查分析。结果显示:瞿昙殿壁画以砖墙体为支撑体,地仗层由粗泥层和细泥层组成;地仗中粗细泥层含沙量不等,粗泥层含沙量约60%,细泥层含沙量较少,约为16%～25%;地仗层中总体纤维含量为3%左右;地仗土粒度级配良好,粒径多集中在1~100 μm之间;地仗中含少量硫酸钠和氯化钠;瞿昙殿壁画使用颜料主要为铅丹、朱砂、氯铜矿、副氯铜矿、石青等矿物颜料,颜料层厚度20～200 μm之间;铅丹颜料在瞿昙殿中出现“章丹打底银朱盖面”的分层应用以及铅丹变色的现象;瞿昙殿壁画中明代壁画无底色层,清代乾隆时期壁画有底色层。本次分析研究获得瞿昙殿壁画层位、地仗组成和颜料使用信息,为瞿昙殿壁画科学保护和深入研究提供重要的第一手资料。