王阳明乡治思想及实践

王阳明是明代著名的思想家、教育家,也是一位在社会控制实践中颇有建树的实干家,他在“知行合一”理念的指引下,践行了儒家“修身齐家治国平天下”的人生追求。如果说他在贵阳龙场悟道期间是在做理论积淀,那么他在南赣期间的一系列措施则是他社会控制思想的物化结果。王阳明的社会控制思想主要体现在他对乡村社会的组织建设与对乡民的行为控制。     

宋代路级机构间关系之研究

宋代统治者为防止唐末五代藩镇割据局面的重现,首次在路这一高层政区设立多个互不统属的机构,如转运司、提刑司、提举常平司等,它们共同掌管一路内的各项事务。这些路级机构由于职权互相交叉,在地方管理中也形成错综复杂的关系,主要表现为:路级机构间互相监督、考核,联合行动与分部按察,长官互兼等。路级机构长官之间也因在同路为官,有或亲密、或交恶的私人关系。宋代路级机构间所确立的复杂关系,有效防范了地方分裂割据,推动了宋代地方事务处理的专业化,促进国家行政机器的正常运转。但同时也出现了机构众多,权力分散,行政效率不高等问题。这表明政府在加强制度约束的同时,必须掌握好权力集中与分散的"度",同时提高为官者的素质,其中的利弊得失值得今人认真总结和借鉴。     

应对公共危机的法律规治初探

应对公共危机,法律虽然不是万能的,但法律的作用是不可替代的。对应急行政行为进行法律规治,既是依法行政的必然要求,也是由应急行政行为的特殊性所决定的。     

The role of the Parlement de Paris in the ratification and registration of royal acts during the reign of Charles VI

The following article corrects the mistaken assumption held by a number of historians that during the reign of Charles VI of France it was necessary for the Parlement de Paris to publish and register all important royal ordinances before they could be executed. Individual cases are discussed to show the nature of the prerogatives of the Parlement and the methods used for the ratification and registration of royal acts.     

Contested Cartographies: Empire and Sovereignty on a Map of Sistān,Iran (1883)

ABSTRACT

The papers of Malkam Khān (1833–1908), Iranian ambassador in London from 1872 to 1889, a staunch supporter of Iranian state modernization and a scholar, include an often-overlooked map of the Iran–Afghanistan border dating to 1883. Mirzā Mohammad-Rezā Tabrizi compiled this exceptional piece of nineteenth-century Iranian cartography. The map is an illustration of how quickly the Qajar administration was able to emulate European cartographical discourses to protect its own interests in the context of the so-called ‘Great Game’, that is, the often confrontational Russo–British relations over the control of Central Asia and Afghanistan in the nineteenth century. In this article we show that Iranian officials had developed a much more substantial articulation between cartography and statecraft than is conveyed by the stereotypes in nineteenth-century Western literature, when the capacity of local players to use counter-mapping to their own advantage was often underestimated by European agents. Mirzā Mohammad-Rezā Tabrizi’s map of Sistān exemplifies how the apparently all-powerful Western science that seemingly supported nineteenth-century imperial expansion was rarely left unchallenged locally. The genealogy and circulation of the map also reflects how overly simplistic the postulation of a polarization of ‘Western’ knowledge and ‘Eastern’ attempts at safeguarding local sovereignty can be.     

论抗战时期华北沦陷区的“村政建设”

1941年太平洋战争爆发前后,日本在国际上更加孤立。在物资贫乏、战争迁延日久、军需储存消耗殆尽、兵源枯竭及劳动力缺乏的情形下,日军对华北的依赖性日益加大。在华北,丰富的资源和广大的人力散布在农村,而农村又掌握在中国抗日革命的势力手里,华北日军只控制着寥若晨星的点和线。华北日伪通过"村政建设"向敌后抗日军民展开农村争夺战。"村政建设"主要源于中国历史上统治者控制乡村的统治术,也仿效了日本和伪满洲国的"街村制",体现了日伪利用中国旧有制度,实行法西斯统治的狡诈性。其目的在于根绝共产党及八路军抗日活动的民众基础。随着日军无条件投降,华北日伪的"村政建设"彻底破产。     

COPING WITH PEACE AFTER A DEBACLE

This article analyzes a situation when the war was actually over and society began to recover. The government faced a severe challenge after the war. These serious problems will be analyzed in the light of the Great Northern War (1700–1721). The plans of the central government to stabilize society will be analyzed, as will the different kinds of planning activities undertaken by the authorities. The critical nature of the situation led the government to concentrate solely on short‐term planning. The government had no proper strategies; there were just a couple of exceptions to this rule. Firstly, the problems in Finland were repeatedly concrete and tangible. This made them both easy to address and essential to redress. Conditions in Finland became an issue of the first order. Even here decisions were dictated to a great extent by short‐term goals. Another strategy was connected with notion of the ‘primacy of the economy’. The government tried to deal with the problems by granting tax exemptions and reliefs, or correspondingly by cut‐backs in areas other than those that had been devastated. The machinery of government was not able to create anything new after the war, but its supervision of existing activities was excellent. This was important with respect to the allocation and use of the meagre resources.     

The politics of finance in Napoleonic Italy (1802‐1814)

Abstract

The Republic and Kingdom of Italy (1802‐14) served as an important source of revenues for Napoleonic France. Most importantly, the authorities had to pay for a growing Italian army and for the French troops in northern Italy. To satisfy the Emperor's increasing financial pressure, Prina, the Finance Minister, increased the tax burden and reorganized the financial administration and tax collection. Prina kept a moderate property tax to secure the support of the landowners and raised indirect taxes, thereby increasing the burden on the poor. His reforms in the financial administration made it more orderly, uniform and efficient, thus strengthening the central state. While Prina modernized the financial machinery and expanded the state's resources, the fiscal pressure contributed to growing hostility from the population to the Napoleonic state. Following the fall of the Kingdom of Italy, the Austrians left the Napoleonic financial system intact, a demonstration of Prina's effective reforms and long‐term impact.     

关于会展经济空间运动形式的分析——以北京、上海与广州三地为例

文章分析了会展经济的迅猛发展需要依托一定的资源,从北京、上海和广州等几个大城市的发展特征分析,会展经济的空间运动形式主要源于离散力和吸引力,会展经济的空间结构变化主要表现为会展场馆的空间聚集与扩散,饭店、公司、资金、技术和专业人才等会展经济的生产要素依此聚散。空间运动的路径是由大城市市区到市区外围地带,结果形成从中心到城市外围的合理布局。     

清代（1644-1840）中日两国贸易管理之比较

清朝政府通过设立海关和任命海关官员、征收关税、加强对贸易商船的管理来进行对日贸易管理,有一整套管理制度。而日本政府则没有形成系统的管理制度。但管理方法切实可行。两国政府从统治的立场出发,采取种种措施,限制两国贸易的进行,有较严格的封闭性;在具体的管理方法上,各有特点,两国的管理措施都是严密有效的。