中国古代焊接技术初步研究

我国古代的多项金属技术都很早就取得了较高成就，但由于多方面原因，人们对我国古代焊接技术的发明、发展状况还是了解较少。本文主要依据考古实物的科学分析和文献研究，对此试作一初步探讨。...     

The Role of Pattern‐Welding in Historical Swords—Mechanical Testing of Materials Used in Their Manufacture

Pattern‐welding is a well‐known technique that was widely employed in the manufacture of swords. While the decorative effect of genuine pattern‐welding (employing phosphoric iron) is indisputable, to date its reinforcing effect is rather unclear. In order to understand this issue better, wrought iron, phosphoric iron, steel and various pattern‐welded samples were prepared and mechanically tested, and the results obtained are discussed in detail. Both the mechanical testing and the long‐term metallographic investigation of medieval swords suggest that pattern‐welding does not have any significant positive effect on the mechanical properties of swords and we should consider it a primarily decorative technique.     

可控激光束焊接薄壁青铜器工艺实验

采用大功率二氧化碳激光器 (5kW)和大型数控激光加工工作台 (2 0 0 0mm× 1 2 50mm) ,对采用传统青铜器铸造方法制备的不同成分、不同厚度的青铜试样进行激光焊接工艺试验 ,并对焊接部位的组织、结构进行微观测试分析和机械性能测试。初步确定激光焊接一定厚度青铜器所需最佳工艺参数组合 ,用此最佳工艺参数对几件典型的青铜器文物进行了修复。研究项目对提高我国文物修复技术水平 ,具有重要意义。     

New Developments in the Use of Spatial Technology in Archaeology

Spatial technology is integral to how archaeologists collect, store, analyze, and represent information in digital data sets. Recent advances have improved our ability to look for and identify archaeological remains and have increased the size and complexity of our data sets. In this review we outline trends in visualization, data management, archaeological prospecting, modeling, and spatial analysis, as well as key advances in hardware and software. Due to developments in education, information technology, and landscape archaeology, the implementation of spatial technology has begun to move beyond superficial applications and is no longer limited to environmental deterministic approaches. In the future, spatial technology will increasingly change archaeology in ways that will enable us to become better practitioners, scholars, and stewards.     

A new programme of obsidian characterization at Çatalhöyük,Turkey

This paper details the chemical sourcing of 135 obsidian artefacts from Çatalhöyük, a Neolithic site in central Anatolia, the trace-elemental analyses being undertaken in two laboratories using ICP-MS, ICP-AES and LA-ICP-MS. The material is assigned to three sources in Cappadocia: Göllü Da?-east, Nenezi Da? and Ac?göl West. The various interrelationships of technology, raw material and date are considered, the data suggesting an increased reliance upon the Nenezi Da? source in the latter part of the Early Neolithic, a shift that coincides with, and is related to, the introduction of new blade technologies.     

Three-dimensional (3D) visualisation: the application of terrestrial laser scanning in the investigation of historical Scottish farming townships

Recent developments in digital technologies are heralding significant changes in the way we acquire, visualise and analyse archaeological data. Terrestrial laser scanners can be used to create photo-realistic virtual copies of landscapes, and archaeological features, and offer the potential to improve our understanding of three-dimensional (3D) spatial relationships at study sites. Here we present a methodology for the integration of a high-resolution 3D site model with soil chemical data obtained from an abandoned settlement site located in the Central Highlands of Scotland. At this site, the multi-element concentration in soil, co-visualised within a topographic setting, has an important role to play in elucidating settlement layout and activity. The methods described here are also of significance in archiving sites of archaeological/historical importance where development activities and/or environmental processes may destroy remains, or where access to field sites is restricted.     

激光清洗技术在一件汉代彩绘女陶俑保护修复中的应用

文物清洗是文物修复中极为重要的一环。针对质地疏松、时代久远、埋藏环境较为复杂的出土陶器,表面清洗是一种较大的挑战。本次清洗的对象是馆藏的汉代彩绘女陶俑,陶俑身上遍布黑斑,严重影响了其观赏价值。为有效清除表面黑斑,尝试运用激光清洗技术进行清洗工作。确定采用LQS模式下,输出能量为150m J,频率为3Hz的系统光学参数,并选择光斑直径在3~4mm的范围,用激光垂直照射液膜法进行清洗。结果发现部分区域清洗效果较好,而部分区域清洗效果一般。造成不同效果的原因,主要在于黑色污染物与基底之间的关系以及激光能量的选择。实验结果证明,激光清洗陶器表面的黑斑是可行的,与此同时也可以结合不同的清洗方法来达到最佳的清洗效果。     

Laser ablation depth profiling of U-series and Sr isotopes in human fossils

We have explored laser depth profiling to obtain data sets for U-series as well as Sr analyses. Laser probing with an 81 μm spot size allows for the exploration of low uranium domains of up to 400 μm below the outer surface in tooth enamel. These low U domains will contain Sr isotope compositions of the individual, that are least affected by diagenetic Sr overprints. The small holes drilled for U surveying are not visible to the naked eye. Using larger spot sizes of around 233 μm, laser drilling can be used to obtain reliable U-series isotope data to a depth of approximately 1000 μm in enamel and around 1300 μm in bone. Furthermore, meaningful ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope data can also be obtained with this spot size. Using our sampling strategy, the overall damage to a human tooth is minute, as demonstrated on a Neanderthal tooth from Moula-Guercy. We expect that laser ablation depth profiling will become routine for gaining insights into the age of human fossils and the migrations of ancient humans.     

琼脂凝胶在青铜文物激光清洗中的应用研究

激光清洗应用于青铜文物上有时会使其表面颜色及其他一些物化性质发生改变。如何优化这种方法改善这种状况?为此,本工作将琼脂凝胶-激光联用作为一种可能的优化手段,首先研究了凝胶对激光能量和作用的影响,包括以能量计测量激光穿过凝胶层后的能量减弱幅度,以及通过热敏纸和文物样品上的烧蚀斑观察凝胶对激光烧蚀结果的影响。其次在不同类型的青铜文物样品上将之与普通湿法激光清洗、机械清洗等手段做清洗效果的对比实验,并以视频显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱仪、X射线衍射等手段进行分析验证。实验结果发现,凝胶能小幅度降低激光能量,减轻激光引起的青铜文物表面微观结构的改变,为清洗操作提供更灵活多样的选择。凝胶-激光联用的方法在实验的文物样品上取得了理想的清洗效果,兼顾了操作的效率性和安全性,是在今后的应用中可被考虑的手段。