Environmental changes in the Maryut lagoon (northwestern Nile delta) during the last ∼2000 years

Here, we interpret the evolution of Maryut lagoon (Egypt) during the past ∼2000 years. Chronostratigraphy and laboratory analyses have enabled us to identify four main phases since the 3rd century AD: (1) a fluvial-dominated lagoon between the 2nd–3rd and the 8–9th centuries cal. AD; (2) a gradual desiccation of the lagoon toward a sebkha-like environment from the 9–10th to the 13th centuries cal. AD; (3) a fluvial-dominated lagoon from the 13th century cal. AD; and (4) a second gradual desiccation between the 17th and the 18th centuries cal. AD. The general aridification trend described throughout the study period may be linked to the gradual decline of the Canopic branch, which supplied the Maryut lagoon with freshwater. Nonetheless, at shorter timescales, the different phases of lagoon aridification and flooding coincide with land abandonment and irrigation works in the region. It is suggested that the history of the Alexandria countryside has been a key driver in shaping the environmental history of the Maryut during the past ∼2000 years.     

近代铁路建设对太湖流域水利的影响——以1920年代初沪杭甬铁路屠家村港“拆坝筑桥”事件为中心

在清末沪杭甬铁路的建设过程中,施工方为节省建桥费用而堵塞了松江境内的屠家村港,并直接在原河道上建造路基。1921年江浙地区发生了严重水灾,地方官绅遂将矛头指向沪杭甬铁路,认为该路阻碍水流,要求铁路部门"拆坝筑桥",恢复原有河道,同时增加沿线涵洞。双方为此在北京政府交通部、上海沪杭甬铁路管理局以及浙江省长公署等部门间展开了两年多时间的交涉,最终基本实现了改建目标。在综合相关文献资料和研究论著的基础上,通过铁路工程技术方法的分析,可以发现近代铁路建设并不足以成为导致太湖流域水患的关键性因素,但铁路作为开凿江南运河后最大规模的人造工程,仍初步改变了明清以来形成的流域水文环境。     

Revisiting Key Sedimentary Archives Yields Evidence Of A Rapid Onset Of Mining In The Mid‐13th Century At The Great Copper Mountain,Falun, Sweden

Mining in Falun, Sweden, was first mentioned in a deed from ad 1288, but previous studies of peat and lake sediments inferred that mining began during the fifth to eighth centuries. In order to reassess these findings, we performed new geochemical analyses on new samples from three key sites: Tisksjöbergets myr, a buried mire alongside the mine; Tisken, a small lake in Falun; and Runn, the main recipient for waters draining through Falun. At Tisksjöbergets myr, the peat contains up to 6% copper, giving it the characteristics of a cupriferous bog. Hence, this record is not useful for tracing early mining. The sediments of Tisken—upon which many of the old interpretations have relied—contain numerous cut wood fragments, and two of those gave young and reversed radiocarbon dates (19th and 16th centuries for 192 and 187 cm, respectively). This indicates that the sediment was derived from infilling and, thus, has little value as a historical record. Runn's sediment—the only reliable record—provides clear evidence of a rapid onset of large‐scale mining from c. ad 1245, with abrupt increases in ore‐related elements—for example, a 34‐fold increase in copper—this increase is consistent with the mid‐13th century burial of the mire at Tisksjöberget.     

江汉洞庭地区商周青铜工具与相关问题的探索

本文论述了湘鄂两省区内出土的商周青铜工具,对宁乡出土青铜斧的功用、定名作了考察,并就殷商西周时期江汉洞庭地区是否大量使用青铜农具问题提出己见。     

Human Activities and Site Formation at Modern Lake Margin Foraging Camps in Kenya

Interpretation of archaeological sites with predominantly freshwater fish and reptile remains has been impeded by lack of documentation of how humans process such vertebrates, of bone modifications resulting from such handling, and of physical characteristics of sites produced by these activities. We report on 19 contemporary foraging camps on the shore of Lake Turkana, Kenya, with the creation, abandonment, and resulting faunal assemblages of 7 of these more closely described. Variable processing activities created a range of site structures but cross-assemblage regularities in patterns of bone surface modification and element frequencies are perceptible. Most sites were very large, with special-purpose activity areas peripheral to the main residential area. Site structure and size depended mainly on specific subsistence activities carried out and features of the camp locale rather than upon the number of occupants or duration of occupation. Sites can be classified as base camps or as fish production camps, with consistent differences in site structure and bone assemblage characteristics.     

Where is Helvellyn? Fuzziness of multi-scale landscape morphometry

The landscape in which people live is made up of many features, which are named and have importance for cultural reasons. Prominent among these are the naming of upland features such as mountains, but mountains are an enigmatic phenomenon which do not bear precise and repeatable definition. They have a vague spatial extent, and recent research has modelled such classes as spatial fuzzy sets. We take a specifically multi-resolution approach to the definition of the fuzzy set membership of morphometric classes of landscape. We explore this idea with respect to the identification of culturally recognized landscape features of the English Lake District. Discussion focuses on peaks and passes, and the results show that the landscape elements identified in the analysis correspond to well-known landmarks included in a place name database for the area, although many more are found in the analysis than are named in the available database. Further analysis shows that a richer interrogation of the landscape can be achieved with Geographical Information Systems when using this method than using standard approaches.     

基于旅游者凝视的后发型旅游地文化认同与文化再现

后发型旅游地是在欠发达地区,旅游业起步较晚,准备不充分,在资金、技术、人力资源、客源市场、基础设施等方面处于相对不利地位的旅游目的地,在旅游发展初期,旅游者的凝视会对旅游地文化产生重要影响。旅游者凝视理论为分析后发型旅游地文化认同与文化再现提供了理论依据。通过对泸沽湖景区旅游者问卷调查并运用主成分分析法发现旅游者凝视的主要对象为:特色民俗文化、仪式性文化、母系氏族文化、自然景观,且以人文景观为主。对居民的问卷调查和非结构式访谈发现旅游者凝视对提高居民文化认同和文化自豪感、强化"摩梭人"族群认同、建构旅游地文化再现具有重要影响,也在一定程度上改变了文化的真实性,而政府引导性文化再现在提升泸沽湖旅游形象的同时,使得文化再现表现出秩序化、可持续的发展趋势。     

旅游者符号实践初探——以杭州西湖“西子”诗词为例

旅游者符号实践概念的提出旨在进一步凸显旅游者在旅游吸引物符号建构中的主体性。本文以杭州西湖的"西子"诗词为例,初步探讨了旅游者符号实践概念的基本内涵、理论支撑与研究价值。旅游者符号实践并不是对已有符号记忆的被动接受,而是借助旅游者的亲身体验,不断将其运用到旅游实践中去加以检验、深化和再创造的动态演进过程。符号学理论、实践理论和(身体)现象学理论构成了旅游者符号实践研究的三大理论支撑。符号实践是旅游者符号体验过程中主观与客观、过去与现在、已知与可能、我者与他者、代表物与对象等诸多二元关系的中间环节和关键枢纽,既关系到旅游者的符号体验质量,也与旅游目的地可持续发展息息相关,因而具有一定的研究价值。     

太湖地区周代文化初探

在吴文化研究中,吴文化发源于太湖地区还是宁镇地区,一直是个有争议的问题。有的学者根据太湖与宁镇地区印纹陶某些特征的一致,认为西周后期两地区的文化面貌已“融为一体”,并以此作为吴国由宁镇地区东进到太湖地区的论据。笔者认为全面准确认识太湖地区周代文化面貌...     

“鬼”玉考

“鬼”玉是最近提出的中国古代玉材及玉文化研究中的新课题.是指《禹贡·冀州》所记的冀州属地及其北部包括今俄罗斯贝加尔湖周边地区所产的玉材。在这片广袤土地上游牧、耕作、生活、繁衍的“鬼”部族及其近亲部族曾被载入史册。该地东萨彦岭和外兴安岭维季姆河等玉产地为其玉器制造提供了丰富的资源。石峁出土的126件玉器就是龙山文化时期鬼玉的珍贵遗产,其中的黑玉圭、璋等玉器是其中具有代表性的玉器。鬼玉(即石峁玉器)与所见贝加尔湖西南古文化玉器有着很大的不同.其源头可能不在贝加尔湖周边,而在其附近或距其不太遥远的地方。