Coalitions, Science, and Belief Change: Comparing Adversarial and Collaborative Policy Subsystems

Arguments for collaborative rather than adversarial approaches to governance rest partly on two axioms: first, that collaborative approaches mitigate conflict to intermediate levels and second, that collaborative approaches help integrate science and values through various joint fact-finding strategies. Using questionnaire data in 1984 and 2001 of policy participants involved in Lake Tahoe water quality policy, this article investigates whether a shift from an adversarial to a collaborative policy subsystem is associated with (i) convergence in beliefs regarding water quality problems and policy proposals; and (ii) an increase in the use of science-based empirical beliefs and a decrease in the use of normative beliefs in supporting policy proposals. The findings send a mixed message to policymakers and researchers about science and collaboration. The analysis suggests that collaborative policy subsystems are associated with convergence in some beliefs between rival coalitions, but it also suggests that policy participants are no more likely to rely on science-based, empirical beliefs in collaborative than in adversarial policy subsystems.     

洞庭湖区湿地生态旅游资源开发模式研究

洞庭湖区湿地是我国最大的淡水湖泊湿地生态系统之一,湿地资源特别丰富,开展湿地生态旅游资源条件十分优越;本文根据洞庭湖区湿地呈同心环带状分布的特征,对洞庭湖区湿地资源进行了景观分类:即洞庭湖湖泊河汊区、洞庭湖湿地平原区、洞庭湖环湖低丘岗地区;分析了洞庭湖区湿地旅游资源的特征和开发利用现状,按照洞庭湖湿地各环带生态旅游资源的特点,提出了洞庭湖湿地生态旅游资源开发模式:即洞庭湖湖泊河汊区生态旅游资源开发模式,洞庭湖湿地平原区生态旅游资源开发模式,洞庭湖环湖低丘岗地区生态旅游资源开发模式;并就湿地生态旅游资源开发中应注意的问题作了说明,以期达到保护湿地生态环境,合理开发湿地生态旅游资源,实现洞庭湖区湿地旅游资源可持续发展的目的。     

近代东太湖的围垦与治理(1890—1937年)——以吴江地区为中心

东太湖是太湖主要出水区,生态环境敏感。光绪十六年河南客民迁入,吴江东太湖兴起围垦潮。此后到抗战前,对其治理政策经历了从光绪中后期招垦弛禁,到1914年禁垦、停补荡粮,再到1925年有限放垦的变化过程。这看似是从以财政考虑为主,到重视水利等问题,再到注重合理开发的变迁过程。然而,1914年后,由于财政需求以及治湖经费不得不依赖湖田放领的现实,官方不仅未能限制和引导围垦,设局放领和下调湖田领价,反而推动围垦无序发展,使水利状况日趋恶化。1935年大规模私围后,官方不得不拆围以避免极端后果,并制定善后方案。总之,近代转型过程中,技术和理念有所进步,却未必能真正推进环境治理,财政能力是影响治理落实的重要因素。     

近代铁路建设对太湖流域水利的影响——以1920年代初沪杭甬铁路屠家村港“拆坝筑桥”事件为中心

在清末沪杭甬铁路的建设过程中,施工方为节省建桥费用而堵塞了松江境内的屠家村港,并直接在原河道上建造路基。1921年江浙地区发生了严重水灾,地方官绅遂将矛头指向沪杭甬铁路,认为该路阻碍水流,要求铁路部门"拆坝筑桥",恢复原有河道,同时增加沿线涵洞。双方为此在北京政府交通部、上海沪杭甬铁路管理局以及浙江省长公署等部门间展开了两年多时间的交涉,最终基本实现了改建目标。在综合相关文献资料和研究论著的基础上,通过铁路工程技术方法的分析,可以发现近代铁路建设并不足以成为导致太湖流域水患的关键性因素,但铁路作为开凿江南运河后最大规模的人造工程,仍初步改变了明清以来形成的流域水文环境。     

江汉洞庭地区商周青铜工具与相关问题的探索

本文论述了湘鄂两省区内出土的商周青铜工具,对宁乡出土青铜斧的功用、定名作了考察,并就殷商西周时期江汉洞庭地区是否大量使用青铜农具问题提出己见。     

明末清初西湖小说与西湖诗词

明末清初西湖小说与西湖诗词有着共同的文化背景与地域色彩,西湖诗词能够自然贴切地融入小说叙事,创造出诗情画意的优美意境,提高了西湖小说的艺术品位,调节小说叙事的节奏,使其情节生动曲折又符合情理逻辑,还丰富了人物的思想感情与心理活动。     

太湖地区周代文化初探

在吴文化研究中,吴文化发源于太湖地区还是宁镇地区,一直是个有争议的问题。有的学者根据太湖与宁镇地区印纹陶某些特征的一致,认为西周后期两地区的文化面貌已“融为一体”,并以此作为吴国由宁镇地区东进到太湖地区的论据。笔者认为全面准确认识太湖地区周代文化面貌...     

Hunter–gatherer migrations,mobility and social relations: A case study from the Early Bronze Age Baikal region,Siberia

A large data set of geochemical data (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴C, δ¹³C, and δ¹⁵N) was obtained for a middle Holocene Early Bronze Age Khuzhir-Nuge XIV cemetery (∼4650–3950 cal. BP) in the Baikal region of Siberia. This material is analyzed at the individual level and in the context of demographic data and spatial arrangements within the cemetery revealing a number of new insights about hunter–gatherer adaptive strategies in the region. During the Early Bronze Age, the Little Sea area of the Baikal region witnessed entire hunter–gatherer families migrating there from other parts of the Cis-Baikal, such as the Angara and upper Lena valleys. While all larger spatial units discernible at Khuzhir-Nuge XIV, such as the East, Centre, and West Sectors, scattered graves, and rows of graves, included individuals of local and non-local birth, it is evident that the area of origin was an important cultural variable well marked in the various smaller spatial arrangements such as the rows, sub-sectors, and groups of graves. The two different diets identified among the analyzed group of people (Game-Fish-Seal and Game-Fish) show interesting spatial distribution patterns. While both diets are present in the East and Centre Sectors, the West Sector is composed only of individuals characterized by the GFS diet. All locals subsisted on the GFS diet, while the non-locals featured a mix of individuals with either GFS or GF diet. It appears that status was not linked to the area of origin, for individuals of both local (GFS) and non-local diet (GF) were buried within the “rich” East Sector, however, in spatially separate arrangements suggesting further that the area of origin was an important social distinction among these high status individuals. The similarity in diet catchment patterns and diets for individuals interred in the same graves and row, and the differences between some rows, suggest existence of distinct foraging ranges used by separate social units, such as families.     

A QUESTION OF IDENTITY: A REVIEW OF RECENT WORK ON BLACKS IN CANADA

In 2010 the US declared the Lake Erie water snake a recovered species, but in Canada the snake is still considered to be an endangered species. After explaining the legal similarities between the Ontario Endangered Species Act and the American Endangered Species Act, this article examines a case study with landowner interviews from one US island and one Canadian island. It is concluded that landowner attitudes toward conservation and private property are very similar. Thus, it is argued that bureaucratic differences, particularly institutional capacity and implementation styles, enabled the US but not Canada to recover the snake. The article concludes with a discussion of the need for better communication between the two countries for the purposes of biodiversity conservation.     

江苏溧阳神墩遗址发掘简报

溧阳神墩遗址位于太湖西部,经先后三次考古发掘,发现马家浜文化相对完整的氏族公共墓地,清理出马家浜文化时期墓葬252座,婴儿瓮棺葬16座,房址10座,灰坑90个,灰沟1条,良渚文化墓葬9座,商周时期灰坑12个,灰沟1条。该遗址为重新认识马家浜文化的分期、分区、分界、类型和文化变迁过程提供了极其重要的材料。