The Sultan's Domain: British Cyprus' Role in the Redefinition of Property Regimes in the Post-Ottoman Levant

This article argues that property law is the main means through which Britain built its imperial sovereignty on Cyprus and in the post-Ottoman Levant. It charts the development of an official British expertise in Ottoman land legislation following the so-called affair of the Sultan's claims to properties in Cyprus. To settle this matter in the island which they had obtained to ‘occupy’ and ‘administer’ through a treaty with the Sublime Porte, colonial authorities were compelled to become conversant with the 1858 Ottoman Land Code. Hence, the article argues that because of its ambiguous status – a province occupied and administered by Britain but under the nominal suzerainty of the Sultan from 1878 to 1914 – Cyprus, as the first Ottoman territory to pass under direct Western rule, played a decisive role in the elaboration of a colonial knowledge in Ottoman land laws. And this, despite long-standing economic and political ties between Britain and the Ottoman Empire and exposure to other settings where layered land tenure systems prevailed. Published in treatises authored by British administrators of Cyprus, the legal expertise in Ottoman land law thus acquired was then transposed to other territories which passed under British rule, such as Palestine.     

论民国政府处理逊清皇室的失误

辛亥年问,南京临时政府的《优待条件》换取了满清统治放弃政权。共和国建立后,皇室的保留形成了逊清皇室问题。如何处理逊清皇室,这一问题关系着新兴政权的稳定,但中华民国历届政府均未重视,北京政变激化了与皇室的矛盾,客观上使日本军阀拉拢溥仪有机可乘。最后,东陵事件导致了逊清皇室与民国政府的决裂,这些因素一定程度上成了溥仪决定孤注一掷、潜往东北的一个原因。     

The Meanings of Conversion: Treaty Law,State Knowledge,and Religious Identity among Russian Captives in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire

This article examines the role of religious conversion in the rules worked out, on paper and in practice, between the Ottoman and Russian empires for the return of captives following their frequent eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century conflicts. The author shows that the abolition of ransom led the Ottoman state to take the central role in the liberation of captives in private hands in its territories. For cultural and fiscal reasons, this required the state to define a test for captives’ conversion to Islam, a matter which had previously been communally and religiously defined. The author traces the changing conversion tests used, and the ways they were manipulated by both captors and captives for their own ends, arguing that the legal definition of conversion undermined official trust, and perhaps community trust more broadly, in conversion's social role. This discussion sheds light on the connections between state knowledge, centralisation, and identity, while suggesting that Ottoman state intervention in matters of slavery and conversion, which has previously been seen as a product of the consciously reforming nineteenth-century Tanzimat, emerged earlier as a pragmatic result of Ottoman participation in the international arena.     

“完整故宫”保护的理念与实践

本文以时空为脉络,详细梳理了近90年来故宫博物院在"完整故宫"保护方面的探索和实践,并对此做出客观的总结性评价。故宫博物院成立初期就提出"完整故宫保管"计划,并确定了故宫博物院的管辖范围。后来"完整故宫"意识曾一度被淡化,改革开放后重新受到重视并作为一种理念在逐步提升。世界遗产保护视域中的"完整故宫",特别强调"故宫真实性和完整性的结合"。在故宫学的研究视域里,"故宫文化价值的整体性"则备受关注。"完整故宫"成为指导和推动故宫保护和博物院建设的一种方法论和思维方式。综合而言,不同时期"完整故宫"保护的理念和实践经历了一个演变的过程,也呈现了诸理念和实践之间相互启发、补充甚至有所交融的关系。     

宫廷文化背景下清代御用瓷器的装饰效果

受清代宫廷文化的影响,清宫御用瓷具有比较突出的装饰特点。主要表现在:突出皇家的至尊地位;追求精美绝伦的装饰效果;仿古创新,内涵丰富。本文结合清代宫廷文化的发展脉络及特征,对清代御用瓷装饰效果进行分析探讨。     

西汉帝陵选址研究

西汉帝陵的位置排列有必然和偶然因素。必然是因为西汉帝陵选址继承于传统墓地选择习俗,受制于风水思想的影响和政权稳固的需要;偶然是指皇帝本人的情感因素所起的的作用。西汉帝陵的分布是把历史传统、思想意识、地理形势、政治需要和帝王个人好恶结合的典范。     

Cartographical collections in America

ABSTRACT

The importance of maps in the construction of national territories has already received much attention from scholars; however, the discussion has mostly centred around the creation of political boundaries in emerging regions or states. Ethnic cartography, on the other hand, remains little studied, despite the fact that it also produced powerful symbolic meanings, advanced science and became a tool for various political ideologies. This article introduces the role that the mapping of ethnic territories played in political discourse in nineteenth-century Russia.     

明代御器厂设立时间的讨论

明代御器厂设立于何时？这一直是学界讨论的热点问题之一。本文通过梳理相关文献．并结合考古出土相关资料,认为其乃明成祖朱棣于洪武三十五年（1402）七月至十二月之间设立,洪武二年（1369）建立的陶厂与后来的御器厂在性质上有很大的不同。且在此基础上考证了明代御器厂名称的变化。     

唐代科举与历史教育

唐代统治者十分重视总结、借鉴历史经验,并自觉地将其运用到治理国家的政治实践中,确立了以经史为主要内容的科举考试制度。唐代科举考试中历史内容十分丰富,极大地促进了历史教育的传播,推动了历史教育的发展,对当前历史教育的开展具有一定的借鉴意义。     

太平天国运动与晚清科举制之关系探讨——兼论清廷推行捐纳举措的得与失

文章从科举制度层面透析太平军军兴之因,用史实揭示了清延通过大开捐纳和竭力恢复科举制的整合和控制功能,赢得了大多士绅的归附,打赢了与天国政权之间的人心和人才争夺战。但这也造成了官民流动机制的变异,清廷功利政治的泛滥。它拓宽了太平天国运动史的研究视野,对全面认识晚清政府也是必不可少的一个方面。