The Armada Paintings in the New Palace of Westminster

In June 2008 a team of artists began the gargantuan task of creating the series of Armada mural paintings for the house of lords. They were embarking on a two-year project, which would bring to completion the original decorative scheme planned for the prince's chamber by the Royal Commission on Fine Arts ¹ during the 1840s. This, in turn, would reconnect the original historical association, which the Armada tapestries had held with the house of lords since the mid 17th century until their destruction by fire in 1834. This article places these Armada mural paintings within the historical context of this project at the Palace of Westminster and documents some of the methodology behind the programme of work to re-create this celebrated series for the walls of the house of lords.     

Areopagitica,freedom of the press,and heterodox religion in the Holy Roman Empire

Milton’s Areopagitica (1644) is widely recognised as a foundational work in the philosophical history of the freedom of the press, although it had little impact upon first publication. However, in 1989 Leo Miller discovered an early German-language critique of Areopagitica from 1647, preserved among the papers of the Anglo-Prussian intelligencer Samuel Hartlib. The present article identifies the critic as the Brandenburg scholar Joachim Hübner, a key member of Hartlib’s networks. Available evidence suggests strongly that Hübner considered translating Milton’s tract in order to promote the printing and distribution of heterodox doctrines of spiritualist Christianity in the Holy Roman Empire. Using the short critique of Areopagitica as a springboard, this article demonstrates through biographical and contextual research the interrelations of political and religious cultures of the period, and that questions of freedom of the press were central to promoters of heterodox religious doctrine not only in England but also on the continent.     

C. Douglas Dillon,President Kennedy's Economic Envoy*

This article focuses on President John F. Kennedy's Secretary of the Treasury, C. Douglas Dillon and contends that he played an important part in sustaining the political cooperation that underpinned the Bretton-Woods system during one of its first crisis points. Rather than focusing solely on structural, economic trends, the article suggests that individual actors mattered as well. As a bipartisan figure that was well regarded in Europe, Dillon was able to act effectively as an envoy to the private sector, principally Wall Street, and to France, which both threatened the stability of the dollar. The article explores Dillon's role in shaping Kennedy's economic policies in a more conservative direction than his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, and in his external efforts to garner support for the Democratic administration.     

中世纪研究在美国的建立及其早期风格

自19世纪70年代以来,美国的中世纪研究开始形成较为完整的知识与话语体系,亨利·亚当斯、赫伯特·亚当斯以及乔治·亚当斯在这个过程中扮演了重要角色。在早期建设阶段,业余学者和专门学会成为了推动学术发展和学科专业化的主要参与者,大学培养模式则主要受德国和法国的影响。到20世纪30年代,美国的欧洲中世纪研究形成了重视教科书写作、在对欧洲中世纪历史理解中的他者性和继承性相互叠加、宏大视野与碎片化研究相互交织等特色。这些早期风格塑造了美国中世纪研究的核心范式,同时也对20世纪中期以来国际中世纪史学界的发展产生了深远影响。     

Reviews Book

TIM UNWIN. Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade. London and New York: Roudedge, 1991. Pp. xvi, 409. $29.95 (us). Reviewed by Norman R. Bennett

MASK GREENGHASS, ed. Conquest and Coalescence: The Shaping of the State in Early Modem Europe. London: Edward Arnold, 1991. Pp viii, 200. $33.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Simon Ditchfiel

DAVID KIRBY. Northern Europe in the Early Modem Period: The Baltic World 1492–1772. London and New York: Longman, 1990. Pp. xii, 443. $33.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Thomas Munck

JOHN CORREIA-APONSO, ed. Intrepid Itinerant: Manuel Godinho and His Journey from India to Portugal in 1663. Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1990. Pp. xi, 253. $33.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Anthony Disney

KARL W. SCHWEIZER. Frederick the Great, William Pitt, and Lord Bute: The Anglo-Prussian Alliance, 1756–1763. New York: Garland Publishing, 1991. Pp. ix, 358. $53.00 (US). Reviewed by H.M. Scott

HELEN ANGELOMATIS-TSOUGARAKIS. The Eve of the Great Revival: British Travellers' Perceptions of Early Nineteenth-Century Greece. London and New York: Roudedge, 1990. Pp. xvii, 289. $52.00 (US). Reviewed by Alexander Kitroeff

CARL VON CLAUSEWITZ. Historical and Political Writings, ed. and trans. Peter Paret and Daniel Moran. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. Pp. 397. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Christopher Bassford

LAWRENCE SONDHAUS. In the Service of the Emperor: Italians in the Austrian Armed Forces 1814–1918. Boulder, Col.: East European Monographs; dist. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. Pp. ix, 217. $32.50 (US). Reviewed by Erwin A. Schmidl

SANDI E. COOPER. Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914… New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Pp. 336. $55.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Roger Chickering

R.S. O'FAHEY. Enigmatic Saint: Ahmad Ibn Idris and the Idrisi Tradition. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1990. Pp. xvii, 261. $42.95 (US), cloth; $12.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Rudolph Peters

RUDOLPH J. VECOLI and SUZANNE M. SINKE, eds. A Century of European Migrations, 1830–1930. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1991. Pp. 395. $44.95 (US). Reviewed by Donald Harman Akenson

MARGARET FULLER. ‘These Sad but Glorious Days’: Dispatches from Europe, 1846–1850, ed. Larry J. Reynolds and Susan Belasco Smith. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1991. Pp. xiii, 338. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Agatha Ramm

STEVEN G. MARKS. Road to Power: The Trans-Siberian Railroad and the Colonization of Asian Russia, 1850–1917. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1991. Pp. xxi, 240. $31.95 (US). Reviewed by J.L. Black

ANN POTTINGBR SAAB. Reluctant Icon: Gladstone, Bulgaria and the Working Classes 1856–1878. Cambridge, Mass, and London: Harvard University Press, 1991. Pp. ix, 257. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by P.R. Ghosh

ARDEN BUCHOLZ. Moltke, Schlieffen and Prussian War Planning. New York and Oxford: Berg Publishers; dist. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992. Pp. xi, 352. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Gunther E. Rothenberg

HERBERT ELZER. Bismarcks Bündnispolitik von 1887: Erfolg und Grenzen einer europäischen Friedensordnung. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1991. Pp. 507. DM 108. Reviewed by Norman Rich

ISAHIA N. KIMAMBO. Penetration and Protest in Tanzania: The Impact of the World Economy on the Pare 1860–1960. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1991. Pp. xii, 188. $29.95 (US), cloth; $16.95 (US), paper

ABDUL SHERIFF and ED FERGUSON, eds. Zanzibar under Colonial Rule. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1991. Pp. ix, 278. $34.95 (US), cloth; $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Ibrahim Abdullah

ROBERT A. KANN. Dynasty, Politics and Culture: Selected Essays, ed. Stanley B. Winters. Boulder, Col.: Social Science Monographs; dist. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991. Pp. xvi, 444. $61.00 (US). Reviewed by Enno E. Kraehe

CARLO M. SANTORO. La politica estera di una media potenza: L'Italia dall'Unità ad oggi. Bologna: il Mulino, 1991. Pp. 352. L40,000

BRUNELLO VIGEZZI. Politica Estera e Opinione Pubblica in Italia dall'Unità ai Giorni Nostri. Milan: Jaca Books, 1991. Pp. 220. L22,000. Reviewed by Richard Bosworth

DAVID A. LAKE. Power, Protection, and Free Trade: International Sources of US Commercial Strategy, 1887-1939. Ithaca, N.Y. and London: Cornell University Press, 1988. Pp. xi, 242. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Ben Baack

JOSEPH SMITH. Unequal Giants: Diplomatic Relations between the United States and Brazil, 1889–1930. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1991. Pp. 296. $39.95 (US)

THOMAS D. SCHOONOVER. The United States in Central America, 1860–1911: Episodes of Social Imperialism and Imperial Rivalry in the World System. Durham, N.C. and London: Duke University Press, 1991. Pp. xiii, 253. $32.50 (US). Reviewed by Lester D. Langley

ROSAMUND M. THOMAS. Espionage and Secrecy: The Official Secrets Act 1911–1989 of the United Kingdom. London and New York: Routledge, 1991. Pp. 304. £40.00. Reviewed by Wesley K. Wark

LEE CONGDON. Exile and Social Thought: Hungarian Intellectuals in Germany and Austria, 1919–1933. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991. Pp. xvi, 376. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by István Deák

ROBERT WRIGHT. A World Mission: Canadian Protestantism and the Quest for a New International Order, 1919–1939. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991. Pp. x, 337. $44.95 (CDN). Reviewed by A. Hamish Ion

JAN WILLEM SCHULTE NOHDHOLT. Woodrow Wilson: A Life for World Peace, trans. Herbert H. Rowen. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. Pp. viii, 495. $34.95 (US). Reviewed by Lloyd E. Ambrosius

CAROLE FINK, AXEL FROHN, and JÜRGEN HELDBKING, eds. Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in 1922. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. x, 262. $44.50 (US). Reviewed by Alan Cassels

B.J.C. MCKERCHER, ed. Anglo-American Relations in the 1920s: The Struggle for Supremacy. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1990. Pp. xiii, 242. $37.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Frank Costigliola

HARM G. SCHRÖTER and CLEMENS A. WURM, eds. Politik, Wirtschaft und internationale Beziehungen: Studien zu ihrem Verhältnis in der Zeit zwischen den Weltkriegen. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1991. Pp. ix, 176. DM 48. Reviewed by Andrew J. Crozier

GERALD STUDDERT-KENNEDY. British Christians, Indian Nationalists and the Raj. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Pp. x, 274. $23.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Judith M. Brown

MICHAEL GELB, ed. An American Engineer in Stalin's Russia: The Memoirs of Zara Witkin, 1932–1934. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. Pp. ix, 363. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by David W. McFadden

PAUL BROOKER. The Faces of Fratemalism: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan. New York: The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1991. Pp. ix, 397. $89.00 (US). Reviewed by Alan Cassels

TOM BUCHANAN. The Spanish Civil War and the British Labour Movement. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. xvii, 250. $47.50 (US). Reviewed by Tim Rees

MARK WALKER. German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939–1949. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Pp. x, 290. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Bruce Wheaton

IFTIKHAR H. MALIK. US-South Asian Relations, 1940–47: American Attitudes towards the Pakistan Movement. London: Macmillan, 1991. Pp. xi, 322. £45.00. Reviewed by Ayesha Jalal

SIR ALEC CAIRNCROSS. Planning in Wartime: Aircraft Production in Britain, Germany and the USA. London: Macmillan, 1991. Pp. xvi, 197. £35.00. Reviewed by Robin Higham

JOHN A. ENGLISH. The Canadian Army and the Normandy Campaign: A Study of Failure in High Command. New York: Praeger, 1991. Pp. xvii, 347. $47.95 (US). Reviewed by David I. Hall

DAVID JABLONSKY. Churchill, the Great Game and Total War. London: Frank Cass, 1991. Pp. xi, 237. £27.50, cloth; £18.00, paper

CHRISTOPHER HILL. Cabinet Decisions on Foreign Policy: The British Experience October 1938–June 1941. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. xx, 359. $59.50 (US). Reviewed by John Charmley

PAUL FREYBERG. Bernard Freyberg VC: Soldier of Two Nations. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1991. Pp. xi, 627. £30.00. Reviewed by T.H.E. Travers

JOHN GILLINGHAM. Coal, Steel, and the Rebirth of Europe, 1945–1955: The German and French from Ruhr Conflict to Economic Community. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. xvi, 397. $44.50 (US). Reviewed by Henry Pelling

IRWIN M. WALL. The United States and the Making of Postwar France, 1945–1954. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. x, 324. $47.50 (US). Reviewed by Alan S. Milward

LOUISE FAWCETT. Iran and the Cold War: The Azerbaijan Crisis of 1946. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Pp. xii, 227. $54.95 (US). Reviewed by Fred H. Lawson

E. TIMOTHY SMITH. The United States, Italy and NATO, 1947–52. London: Macmillan, 1991. Pp. ix, 232. £45.00. Reviewed by James Edward Milles

PAUL M. EVANS and B. MICHAEL FROLIC, eds. Reluctant Adversaries: Canada and the People's Republic of China 1949–1970. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. Pp. xii, 268. $60.00 (CDN), cloth; $19.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Patricia E. Roy

LAWRENCE S. KAPLAN, ed. American Historians and the Atlantic Alliance. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1991. Pp. viii, 192. $27.00 (US), cloth; $14.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Ritchie Ovendale

MONICA BRAW. The Atomic Bomb Suppressed: American Censorship in Occupied Japan. Armonk, N.Y. and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1991. Pp. xviii, 194. $35.00 (US).Reviewed by Kathryn Meyer

JEFFREY HERF. War by Other Means: Soviet Power, West German Resistance, and the Battle of the Euromissiles. New York: Free Press (Macmillan), 1991. Pp. xiii, 369. $24.95 (US).Reviewed by Matthew Evangelista

MARTIN STANILAND. American Intellectuals and African Nationalists, 1955–1970. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1991. Pp. ix, 310. $30.00 (US).Reviewed by Dane Kennedy

DIANE B. KUNZ. The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. Pp. xii, 295. $43.95 (US).Reviewed by Kathleen Buhk

W. DAVID MCINTYRE. The Significance of the Commonwealth 1965–90. London: Macmillan, 1991. Pp. ix, 305. £45.00.Reviewed by J.G. Darwin

KARL PIERAGOSTINI. Britain, Aden and South Arabia: Abandoning Empire. London: Macmillan, 1991. Pp. xiv, 256. £45.00.Reviewed by Michael B. Bisheu

TOMOHEI CHIDA and PETER N. DAVTES. The Japanese Shipping and Shipbuilding Industries: A History of Their Modem Growth. London and Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Athlone Press, 1990. Pp. xi, 240. $65.00 (US).Reviewed by Steven J. Ericson

WILLIAM T. TOW. Encountering the Dominant Player: US Extended Deterrence Strategy in the Asia-Pacific. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991. Pp. xiv, 540. $52.00 (US).Reviewed by Paul A. Varg

CHARLES F. DORAN. Systems in Crisis: New Imperatives of High Politics at Century's End. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. xviii, 294. $49.50 (US).Reviewed by Robert Jervis     

The Consorts of King Wu and King Wen in the Bronze Inscriptions of Early Chou

Abstract

Daodejing is an essential text in Chinese culture. The number of its English translations exceeds a total of 112 editions. The first one was produced by John Chalmers, who was a Scottish missionary from London Missionary Society stationed in Hong Kong and Canton for a long period of time. Chalmers's close missionary colleague, James Legge, who was subsequently the first Professor of Chinese Studies at the University of Oxford, produced another translation. This paper aims at revealing the socio-cultural and intellectual processes behind the making of these two translations. In so doing, it discusses the differences in the two texts and explores the reasons for their differences.

Christian missionaries in China were the agents for the cultural interactions between China and the West. Not only did they bring the Christian message to China, but they also introduced the Chinese ideas through their translations and writings to their Western audience. This should be a fruitful and important topic for serious scholarship in both the studies in Sinology and in the history of translation.