我国墓葬壁画的保护方法

壁画的发展与不同民族在各个历史时期的生活习俗、宗教、哲学、美学观念等紧密相连。同时,壁画的制作也与当时社会的政治、经济、文化、技术发展水平相适应,因此古代壁画极具历史、艺术、科学技术价值。墓葬壁画出现并最终形成一种丧葬文化现象是在汉代。汉代墓葬壁画自西汉前期形成以后,不断发展演变并形成了一套非常系统完整的体系,表达了深邃而复杂的信仰和丧葬观念,丰富和发展了中国古代绘画的造型技巧和艺术表现形式,因此墓葬壁画在早期绘画史和思想史上都占有非常重要的地位。本研究对发表在《考古学报》、《考古与文物》等十余种期刊自创刊至2015年的有关墓葬壁画方面的资料进行了系统整理,据此研究了我国墓葬壁画的分布区域及其特征,总结墓葬壁画的保护模式与方法,并就墓葬壁画保护的研究方向提出建议。     

The evolution of the cultural policy regime in the Anglophone Caribbean

This paper addresses the complexities involved in developing cultural policies in the Anglophone Caribbean. The first section examines the evolution of the cultural policy agenda in the 40‐odd years since the independence era. It traces and analyses the policy trajectory from one that sought to promote the intrinsic values of culture, to one that currently espouses the more instrumental value of the cultural industries. The next section analyses the efficacy of the policy path by examining a regional cultural policy initiative, the Caribbean Festival for the Arts (CARIFESTA). The paper suggests that the Caribbean cultural policies have under performed because of critical disjunctures. These generally involve the imposition of a nationalistic policy framework on the transnational structure of the Caribbean cultural sector. The paper concludes by suggesting a regional cultural approach to policy formulation can provide a more effective mechanism to encourage and harness the cultural wealth of the Anglophone Caribbean.     

The Spanish telephone sector (1876-1924): A case of technological backwardness

This article explains the often neglected history of the Spanish telephone sector. Its main purpose is to examine the factors that determined the technological choices that were made in this sector, and to describe and analyze the growth of telephone networks in Spain and the rest of Europe between 1876 and 1924, a period marked by the internationalization of technology. It concludes that a complex range of factors, varying in their specific importance over the period, determined the pattern of technological diffusion in this sector. In the period dominated by Bell's patents, the sector was characterized by a high degree of technological homogeneity. However, once the licenses on these patents expired, a greater variety of technological devices were adopted in the sector, although this variety was limited by the control that the larger firms wielded over the market and policies of international cooperation. Spain, unable to keep pace with technological developments elsewhere in Europe, failed to establish its own national industry of telephone materials and equipment.     

Risk,prevention and the breast cancer continuum: The NCI,the FDA,health activism and the pharmaceutical industry

This article examines the contested process through which the drug tamoxifen is being reconstituted as a form of breast cancer risk reduction, healthy women are being reconstituted as risky subjects, and breast cancer is being reconstituted as a continuum. Drawing on medicalization theory but extending it to incorporate the growing significance of risk and the pharmaceutical industry, I argue that an adequate theorization of contemporary processes of medicalization requires that we broaden our focus from patients, physicians and medical systems to the policies, practices, and relationships of the pharmaceutical industry, the medical research community, drug regulatory agencies, and non-governmental organizations involved in health-related activism. In this article I focus on four key sites of controversy and contestation: (1) the clinical trial that tested tamoxifen on healthy women; (2) the supplemental new drug application approval process; (3) the direct-to-consumer marketing campaign; (4) and the counter-campaign organized by women's health groups.     

Contesting Keweenaw: competing visions of landscape aesthetics at Keweenaw National Historical Park

Keweenaw National Historical Park (hereafter KNHP) is one of a periodically growing list of partnership parks developed in response to changing ideals of what the National Park Service ought to preserve and interpret. Established in 1992, KNHP and some other newer parks are intended by Congress to be public–private partnerships. This paper illuminates how KNHP stakeholders used information vacuums to intensify competing narratives regarding landscapes in a partnership park. Ethnographic fieldwork illustrates that stakeholders’ competing narratives complicate KNHP's management. Furthermore, this case study highlights the need for historic preservation professionals to build trust and to communicate effectively with all stakeholders in communities with historic preservation programs. Within a social group, insiders’ knowledge construction guides ideas of landscape aesthetics.     

Darwin to Einstein: Primary sources on science and belief

R.G. Collingwood defined historical knowledge as essentially ‘scientific’, and saw the historian's task as the ‘re-enactment of past thoughts’. The author argues the need to go beyond Collingwood, first by demonstrating the authenticity of available evidence, and secondly, using Namier as an example, by considering methodology as well as epistemology, and the need to relate past thoughts to their present context. The ‘law of the consumption of time’ encourages historians to focus on landmark events, theories and generalisations, thus breaking from Collingwood's emphasis on fidelity to past ideas and interpreting the past from the concepts of the present. This conflict can only be reconciled by the study of historiography.     

Making Sense of Law and Disorder

This article tells the story of a cross‐cultural encounter on a beach at King George’s Sound in the south west of Australia in 1826, when Major Edmund Lockyer arrived to establish a British military garrison. The account we have of those early encounters come from the pen of Lockyer, and by taking a close reading of his journal this article attempts to reveal the meanings and context of Aboriginal actions. It also analyses how the Aborigines and the British made sense and subsequently responded to the encounter. Whilst this story is not given iconic status in Australian historiography, it is valuable in opening up a porthole into this contact zone at the moment when precarious relationships were being formed.     

The Politics of Ethnography: Figures of Csangoness in fin-de-siècle and Twentieth-Century Hungary and Romania

The Csangos are an ethnic/religious minority from Moldavia, Eastern Romania. They are defined as legitimate subjects by two antagonistically nationalizing projects: the Hungarian and the Romanian one. I am not trying to discover some “authentic” or “hybrid” identity that would explain away the ambiguities connected with this ethno-religious group. The Csangos appear, in this paper, as mutating historical forms and figures, made up through fateful events and part of “historical ontologies”. Because of their specific position inside opposed nationalisms, they can provide theoretical insights into the constituting of nationalizing narratives, ethnography and social sciences in East and Central Europe.