荀悦考察历史的方法

东汉后期著名史学家荀悦的著作《汉纪》和《申鉴》中包含着卓越的史识。这主要表现他把历史看成是发展的,各种制度应适应时代与社会的发展而变化,统治者必须随时而变,随机应变。他认为考察历史问题应与具体的社会环境结合起来,具体问题具体分析,主张将不同的政治主张置于具体历史时空中探讨。他既能从整体上把握事物,从多角度加以探讨,又能考察事物的不同方面,分析其内在联系。他看到事物具有相对性的特点,主张通过比较把握事物的共性与个性,认为考察事物要透过现象看本质。他朦胧地意识到事物内部存在既相互对立又相互联系的两个方面,在人物评价中注意分析其两重性。荀悦的史识值得我们认真总结。     

紫地缠枝花卉纹绫盘金绣辫线袄的修复

辫线袄为元代流行的一种服饰,但现存于世的实物很少。文章详细分析了一件紫地缠枝花卉纹绫盘金绣辫线袄残片的形制纹饰及具体修复过程。根据该袄残存的盘金绣和腰部的辫线加工工艺,修复了右肩部日形刺绣、辫线及裙褶,并裁制了已缺失的下裳和双袖。该袄的修复方案体现了纺织品文物保护的可逆性原则。     

中国特色社会主义文化纲领的历史发展

从改革开放之初提出"两个文明"建设,到十五大正式提出"经济、政治、文化纲领",再到十六届四中全会发展为"物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明"四位一体,实质是中国特色社会主义事业总体布局的发展过程,是在这个总体布局中社会主义精神文明建设面临新任务、扮演新角色、承担新使命的过程,是中国特色社会主义文化纲领继往开来、不断丰富发展和完善的过程,反映了中国化马克思主义文化理论一脉相承、与时俱进的理论品质和实践品质。     

爵用平议--兼与《青铜爵的功用、造型及其与商文化的关系》一文商榷

关于商周青铜爵的用途,有饮酒、温酒（或兼饮酒）、滤酒等说。近年还有人认为爵是祭祀时“浇酒敬神”之用,并将其与商人的玄鸟图腾崇拜相联系。本对以上爵用诸说逐一平议,尤对“滤酒”和“图腾”二说予以详细检讨,并就图腾说下的相关问题与李少龙先生商榷。至于爵的可能的真实用途,拙《爵用新考》已为述（载《中原物》1998年第3期）。     

从“■”同“苟”说起

“苟”与“苟”本是两个形、音、义皆不同的字。由于隶定之后,字形相近,而“苟”字又在传世典籍中鲜有用例,故二字混而不别。“”本是“苟”的古文异体,亦被误认为是“苟”的异体,并因此由不同角度讹变出不同的字形。本文力图阐明“苟”、“苟”混而不别及相关异体产生的原因由来。     

Intensive El Niño and the Iron Age of South-eastern Africa

Burnt daga structures in Iron Age villages serve as proxies for severe drought on the plateau of southern Africa. The distribution of burnt daga remains in two other rainfall areas, KwaZulu-Natal and the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone over Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi, establishes a sequence of simultaneous burnings that parallels the severe droughts recorded for the interior plateau. These widespread correspondences suggest a common cause. Another correspondence with natural proxy data from South America indicates that intensive El Niño events most likely caused the droughts.     

Technological traditions inferred from iron artefacts of the Xiongnu Empire in Mongolia

Iron objects excavated from sites of the Xiongnu Empire (3rd century BC–2nd century AD) in Mongolia have been examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the Xiongnu iron tradition may be characterized by the use of low carbon iron and carbon control by carburization. Cast iron was also used in the Xiongnu Empire, but only in very limited applications and with no convincing evidence of its use for the production of low carbon iron. The Xiongnu iron technology seems to have been established on the basis of the bloomery technique, without much influence from the Chinese style of technology, based on cast iron.     

西周早期圆形尊的范铸模拟实验研究

在商周的青铜器中,许多都铸有扉棱,但最早出现扉棱的青铜器,应该是商中期的圆形尊,而商早期所有的青铜器都没有扉棱.在西周的圆形尊中,除了没有铸扉棱的尊外,其余多是铸有三段扉棱.青铜器上为什么要铸造扉棱?这是我们需要研究的问题.在西周一些圆形尊的表面纹饰中,常出现翘起的牛角纹饰.这些纹饰是怎么制作的?这也是我们需要解决的问题.通过范铸模拟实验,使得上述两个问题有了较为合理的解释.     

从出土实物和模拟实验看商周青铜器纹饰技术的发展脉络

通过对出土实物的观察和做模拟实验的发现,笔者认为,商周青铜器的纹饰技术伴随其范铸分型技术的进步而不断发展,同时它也引起铭文技术随之变化。商周青铜器纹饰技术具体的发展脉络为:夏代青铜器制模、制范技术不规范,纹饰技术处于摸索阶段。商早期青铜器范铸分型技术已具成熟的工艺设计思想,在素范面压塑纹饰的"纹饰压塑技术"出现;商中期青铜器纹饰技术有了划时代的进步,出现了"纹饰堆塑技术",且与"纹饰压塑技术"兼容并用;商晚期青铜器纹饰技术达到顶峰。西周青铜器范铸分型技术无明显进步,纹饰制作技术显示退化趋势;春秋中期以后,青铜器范铸工艺分型增多,纹饰技术发生改革,发明了单元纹饰范拚兑技术。     

Special alloys from remote frontiers of the Shang Kingdom: scientific study of the Hanzhong bronzes from southwest Shaanxi, China

More than 200 bronze objects found in Hanzhong, southwest Shaanxi Province, China, a frontier region of the Shang Kingdom during the Shang dynasty, have been analysed for their composition and microstructure. Forty-three typologically distinct, and probably culturally indigenous, items have been found to be compositionally distinctive as well. This paper presents analytical results of the two types of local Hanzhong bronzes, namely the sickle-shaped and sceptre-shaped objects. Three special alloys, arsenic bronze, antimonial bronze and copper–nickel–arsenic ternary alloy, are particularly emphasized and discussed. The archaeological context of Hanzhong bronzes and their significance for the archaeometallurgy research of the Shang period are discussed as well.