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Gregory Afinogenov 《国际历史评论》2019,41(5):1020-1038
ABSTRACTWere the Kazakhs part of the Russian Empire after Khan Abulkhayir's 1731 oath? For many decades, Russian scholarship insisted that they were, although the work of Virginia Martin, Noda Jin and others has recently suggested other interpretations. My article shows that neither Kazakhs nor Russian officials thought of their relationship as a form of annexation. Instead, the Kazakhs used the arrival of the Qing Empire in Central Eurasia in the 1750s to triangulate between their two more powerful neighbors, maintaining a constant distance from Russian power. For Russian officials, this kind of relationship proved to be advantageous, ultimately because Kazakh mediation enabled Russian trade with Xinjiang. The final incorporation of the Kazakhs starting in 1822 had more to do with the withdrawal of Qing power from the steppe than the expansion of Russian authority. 相似文献
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İdris Yücel 《Mediterranean Historical Review》2016,31(2):165-180
A powerful curiosity to discover the ancient world – reaching its peak in the nineteenth century – led to British, French, and German museums to enhance their collections with a great number of Mesopotamian antiquities. Most of these were the product of excavation work, which took years, followed by a shipping process fraught with hurdles and delays – much as when Babylonian and Assyrian antiquities were stranded in Portugal over the period 1914–26. In that case Portuguese officials seized the hoard of Babylonian and Assyrian items due to be sent to Germany at the beginning of the First World War by the German Oriental Society, which had carried out excavation works in Ottoman territories in the name of Kaiser II Wilhelm. The extensive British efforts and diplomatic exchanges aimed at bringing the pieces to London after the war, presents us with important clues regarding ownership disputes over antiquities, and the imperial struggle to acquire the cultural heritage of the near east. This study reveals that, under the existing legal framework, the items eventually taken to Berlin actually belonged to the Imperial Museum in Istanbul, and analyzes the discourse of ‘scientific concern’ constructed by British diplomacy. 相似文献
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Gino Fornaciari Silvia Marinozzi Daniela Messineo Carla Caldarini Federica Zavaroni Silvia Iorio Longo Sveva Silvia Capuani Paola Catalano Valentina Gazzaniga 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2019,29(5):797-807
This study is the result of a multidisciplinary approach and focuses on a case of considerable historical and medical interest. The work originally stemmed from findings at a funerary site in the area of Casal Bertone in Rome (Italy), regards an individual in a tomb identified simply by the number “75.” The skeletal alterations that were later discovered gave rise a debate among the members of the team. Challenges in identifying the pathology have brought historians, anthropologists, and radiologists into the field with the use of sophisticated equipment, including CT scans and X‐ray equipment, as well as some analyses carried out with the latest spectrometers. Consequently, the most likely diagnostic hypothesis resulted in gout. During this work, each area of study dealt with the problem in a different manner, allowing for a greater understanding of gout at this point in history, how this pathology might have influenced a person's life, as well as the medical approaches and techniques used to treat it in the imperial age of the second century BCE. 相似文献
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本文探讨了清代国家档案馆——皇史宬的建筑环境、管理机构和内部结构的变化情况;对于清代皇史宬收藏对象的重要性也做了比较,认为皇史宬虽然贮藏多种皇家文献和文物,但最主要的尊藏对象便是《清实录》;并从版本比较和历史事实的角度,证明皇史宬尊藏的《清实录》是所有版本中最重要、最具有保藏性的正本。本文试图说明皇史宬与《清实录》相互彰显的密切关系。 相似文献
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四库馆臣认为明代四书学多是讲章之学,学无根柢,考证不精,义理阐释上阳儒阴释,好为异说.四库馆"取"、"舍"四书类著述的标准,以程、朱之学为依据,同时,还要考证精审,昭示着清代四书学的新方向.就<大学>而言,乾嘉时期出现了由<四书>之学向<札记>之学转变的新取向,重视古本和汉、唐注疏,<大学>成为经学研究的一部分.除了官方承认的程、朱四书学外,清代经学家对以四书学为代表的宋学有着自己独特的认识,反映了清代学术的特点. 相似文献
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档案信息资源是国家和社会信息资源不可或缺的重要组成部分,档案工作承担着保存历史、传承文明、资政育人、服务社会的重要职能,档案工作者的良好素质是发挥档案服务职能的关键所在。为此,本文认为,只有坚持改革,不断创新,才能充分发挥档案工作的服务职能,使档案工作在现代化建设中发挥更大的作用。 相似文献
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甲午战争后,清政府遭遇了自太平天国运动以来最为严重的一场国家信任危机。为了重塑其政治权威,清政府采取了比以往更为积极的举措,围绕"苏报案"与列强的"争锋相对"正是这一心态的典型体现。本文通过对法国外交部馆藏《1903-1904年"苏报事件"》档案的解读,借助跨文化视角实现对"苏报案"的历史重构,以期对清政府希图通过融入当时国际体系以重建国家认同这一设想的审视,从中可以得出一个结论,即国家独立是重建国家认同的首要条件。 相似文献
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故宫学是运用历史学、博物馆学、历史文献学、建筑考古学等学科的理论方法,对明清时代北京皇宫之物化和精神遗存,以及以该皇宫为中心展开的后续文博收藏进行综合研究的专门学科。一般意义上的明清史中有大量内容与故宫学中历史类研究重合,故如欲使故宫学的史类研究具有不可替代之特殊意义,需要在方法论意义上凸显故宫作为一个特殊政治文化场域这一视角。由此视角出发,可见故宫作为明清庙堂政治的核心场域,其内大量事物具有符号象征意义,其规制、理念、行为方式和惯性构成独一无二的政治文化语境,与庙堂之外的政治、文化、社会、民生产生差异、关联和互动,若能在具体层面切实推进研究,故宫学的历史类研究即有不可替代的学术意义。 相似文献
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先秦社会的氏族残余比较浓厚,昭穆制度影响较大。秦汉时期,皇权取得了独尊地位,"父子相传"的皇统传承规范成为制约帝陵布局的重要因素。西汉葬于渭北祖陵区的皇帝有八位与其前任皇帝属父子关系,而文帝因为平辈冲突,宣帝因为代际缺环,均未入葬祖陵区。平帝虽与哀帝同辈,但西汉后期以来,"为人后"原则日渐成为皇权传承的补充条款,王莽本着这个原则,葬平帝于渭北。 相似文献