明代御用监造漆器的款识及伪款辨识

庋藏于故宫博物院的明代漆器是国内收藏之最。作者利用在故宫文物库房工作的有利条件,用十几年的时间,将故宫及世界各地博物馆、私人收藏的明代官造漆器的款识,特别是对伪款的类型进行排比与研究,去伪存真,试图解决明代官造漆器中真假款并存的问题,为深入研究明代漆器的专家学者提供参考。     

The Wire: Progress,Paradox, and Disaster in the Strategic Networking of China, 1881–1901

This study of the introduction of telegraphy to China in the late-nineteenth century tells three interrelated stories: China’s pursuit of telegraphic sovereignty with its strategic networking of the empire in the period 1881–99; the functioning of China’s hybrid express courier-telegraphic communications infrastructure; and the international communications crisis during the Boxer Uprising and the “Siege of the Legations” in 1900. The material reality of two inter-connected networks—the privately owned Imperial Telegraph Administration network and the government-run telegraph network—allowed Qing-era Beijing and its provincial governors to communicate with much greater speed. The materiality of these networks—how this new communications technology affected the practical realities of government communications, including the ease of lateral communications between provincial governors—is explored in the context of the communications crisis of 1900. In May and June of 1900 all telegraph lines to Beijing, and throughout much of North China, were cut or otherwise destroyed. While these blinded Western governments are no longer able to exchange telegrams with their Beijing-based envoys, the Qing express courier system continued to operate. Moreover, both the court and provincial officials quickly improvised ad hoc telegraphic communication protocols through the use of “transfer telegrams” (zhuandian) that relied on mounted express couriers between Beijing and those North China telegraph stations with working network connections. This assessment of real-time secret imperial communications between the Qing court and the provinces is based on the documentary register Suishou dengji (Records of [documents] at hand) maintained by communications managers in the Grand Council. China lost its telegraphic sovereignty in the capital region when Allied troops occupied the Beijing-Tianjin line of communications in the summer and fall of 1900. Moreover, Western dreams of laying, landing, and controlling submarine cables on the China coast were finally realized in North China by the end of 1900. The British, therefore, were able to add a critical section to their planned global network of secure telegraphic communications. China’s recognition of the Western and Japanese right of protecting the Beijing-Tianjin line of communications was codified in Article 9 of the Boxer Protocol of September 1901. These losses of China’s telegraphic sovereignty would not be completely reversed until after 1949.     

大朝国师印考

西藏自治区文管会珍藏的“大朝国师统领诸国僧尼中兴释教之印”是具有极高历史价值的国宝级文物。但是,它长期被误读,并认为是复制品而遭到冷落。实际上“大朝”是忽必烈正式建国号“大元”之前的蒙古汗国国号,国师是当时最高僧官,具有“统领诸国僧尼中兴释教”的职权。此印是蒙哥大汗赐予那摩国师的封印。本文揭示了该印重要的历史价值和文物价值,对于元史、蒙古史的研究都有重要的参考价值。     

事有定数:明人对科举功名的认识

自隋、唐以降,伴随着科举制的创立、发展与完善,科举入仕成为社会普遍追求的理想人生模式, 以科举制度、科举人物、科举故事为核心内容的科举文化是中国传统文化的一个独特的构成部分。观照明人关于科举人物、科举故事的诸多记载和议论,基本上可以认为,命定、风水、报应等传统思想,因其理论上的包容性和阐释中的灵活性,是明人解释科举功名现象的主要理论依据。这种现象的生成,既是科场激烈竞争所引发的焦虑与无奈的结果,也是明人对社会、自然整体认知局限的自白。     

“四库馆”与明清四书学转型

四库馆臣认为明代四书学多是讲章之学,学无根柢,考证不精,义理阐释上阳儒阴释,好为异说.四库馆"取"、"舍"四书类著述的标准,以程、朱之学为依据,同时,还要考证精审,昭示着清代四书学的新方向.就<大学>而言,乾嘉时期出现了由<四书>之学向<札记>之学转变的新取向,重视古本和汉、唐注疏,<大学>成为经学研究的一部分.除了官方承认的程、朱四书学外,清代经学家对以四书学为代表的宋学有着自己独特的认识,反映了清代学术的特点.     

皇史宬尊藏《清实录》考

本文探讨了清代国家档案馆——皇史宬的建筑环境、管理机构和内部结构的变化情况;对于清代皇史宬收藏对象的重要性也做了比较,认为皇史宬虽然贮藏多种皇家文献和文物,但最主要的尊藏对象便是《清实录》;并从版本比较和历史事实的角度,证明皇史宬尊藏的《清实录》是所有版本中最重要、最具有保藏性的正本。本文试图说明皇史宬与《清实录》相互彰显的密切关系。     

隋唐宫廷绘画机构概述

唐代是中国宫廷绘画发展的第一个高峰期。其间名家辈出,名作累累。以往美术史界对其制度与机构的研究甚少。本文首次对唐代宫廷绘画的制度与机构作了较全面的介绍与分析。     

Wari’s imperial influence on local Nasca diet: The stable isotope evidence

The highland Wari Empire established a presence within the Nasca region of south coastal Peru during the Middle Horizon period. To clarify the nature of this interaction, we analyzed stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of human bone collagen from individuals living in the Southern Nasca Region (SNR) before (1–750 AD) and during (750–1000 AD) imperial influence. The stable isotope data do not indicate that the Wari Empire transformed maize agricultural labor in the Las Trancas Valley of the SNR. In fact, during both time periods, Nasca people had access to a wide range of food items.     

《与同年诸翰林论文书》作者辨误

黄宗羲编选《明文海》、《明文授读》时,误将明代嘉靖至万历时期徐显卿所作的《与同年诸翰林论文书》一文置于成化至正德时期的徐祯卿名下,后来许多研究者便据此认为徐祯卿的诗文理论"充满悖论",并试图为他这种根本不存在的所谓"悖论"强行解释,这是不可能成立的。     

都城隍庙考

明清时期的都城隍庙在建置中呈现出复杂局面。明代祀典中之京都城隍庙是文献资料中所见最早的都城隍庙,除此之外,几乎在不同层级的聚落都存在都城隍庙。这种局面的出现主要源于都城隍神自身的演化,其一,京都城隍神由都城隍神或称天下都城隍神发展而来,是后者的一种官方形态,都城隍神与京都无必然联系;其二,都城隍神的管辖范围不再固定为"天下",它可以是省,也可以是更小的地域。