从南北榜到定额取士——明代会试取士区域矛盾的合理解决

南北榜案、南北卷、定额取士是明代科举中三件极具代表性的大事。在详细考证南北榜案始末,南北卷制定的时代背景和定额取士模式形成的基础上,发现三个事件紧密联系,都与区域公平取士有关。通过南北分卷和定额取士,进士作到了公平录取,取士实现了精细化,公平合理地解决了长期以来科举考试中客观存在的南北区域之争,在科举史上极具创新性。     

隋唐长安城规划主题——皇权永祚的龟鼎之城

关于唐长安前身——隋大兴城的规划思想,以前很少谈论。其实隋宇文恺规划设计首都大兴城,除了按照传统体现天子尊贵的“九五”数字外,并创造性地在都城平面图中暗含若干代表鼎足的等边三角形,用以体现“定鼎”——掌握政权之意。同时,在都城中轴线南端——明德门外,埋置石龟,与鼎足结合表明“皇权永祚”。     

咸阳“周王陵”为战国秦陵补证

关于周王陵确切时代及墓主身份的界定,学术界虽然先后有多位专家进行推测和研究,但至今多种观点并存,未能定论。近年来,随着西汉帝陵大遗址考古工作的展开,陕西省考古研究院联合咸阳市考古研究所对周王陵进行     

“The Roman Giant”: Overgrowth Syndrome in Skeletal Remains from the Imperial Age

A very tall skeleton was found during archaeological excavations in the territory of Fidenae, an administrative centre of the Roman territorial organization, situated along the Via Salaria about 7 km north of Rome (Italy). The individual was a young male, dated back to the Imperial Age (3^rd century AD), presenting a very tall but normally proportioned stature, estimated around 202 cm. The long bones showed incomplete epiphyseal union; therefore, the stature would probably have been taller, if he had lived longer. In this work, the metric data are compared with those from the Roman Imperial Age population, and differential diagnosis is discussed. The skeletal evidence is characteristic of a form of gigantism, a rare growth disease that may be linked to different syndromes. The most common etiology is associated with a dysfunction of the pituitary gland, which causes overproduction of the growth hormone (hGH) during childhood. This endocrine disorder stimulates cartilaginous activity at the growth plate, delaying epiphyseal fusion and resulting in increased bone length. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

清代回疆粮赋制度研究:牛津大学所藏清代库车、沙雅尔署衙档案之探讨

本文利用牛津大学所藏清代回疆档案文献资料和清代其他文献相互印证,对库车和沙雅尔两地的赋税征收制度中若干问题进行了探讨。清代回疆粮赋征收制度具有如下特点:主要土地占有形式"原垦地亩"和"官地"二者田赋的征收是"视岁收数目"而非土地面积,显示出与中原地区自古以来的赋税征收制度的差异。制度规定以籽种的十倍作为实际产量来征收田赋,在此基础上总体上确定某地田赋总额。回疆各城粮赋征收额是一个变化的数据,变化的原因是多方面的。粮赋实际征收中出现明显的负担不均衡的现象。     

两《唐书》宦官传校误及其启示

《旧唐书·宦官传序》叙唐内侍省之"五局",云"内仆局掌宫中供帐灯烛,内府局主中藏给纳"。检明闻人诠刻本,原无后一句,清武英殿重刻《旧唐书》乃据《新唐书·宦者传》补之。但据《唐会要》卷六五《内侍省》,《旧传》此处并非脱去"五局"之最后一局,而是"内仆局掌宫中供帐灯烛"中间有脱文,即"掌宫中"之下脱漏了"舆辇导从内府局掌宫中"十字。殿本知其误而不明误在何处,故有此妄补,中华书局点校本又不察其误而沿袭之。今当删去殿本所增"内府局主中藏给纳"一句,而校补作"内仆局掌宫中舆辇导从,内府局掌宫中供帐灯烛"。至于《新唐书·宦者传序》称"四曰内仆,主供帐灯烛",则承袭《旧唐书》误文之故,当仍其旧。《旧唐书·宦官传》的误校,不仅可觇见武英殿刊本窜改古书之陋习,亦可知点校本底本选择之失当,同时可警示后人:校改古书,当慎之又慎。     

Tell el-Hesi: A type site for reevaluating so-called ‘Egyptian Governors’ Residencies’ of the south

In 1984 Eliezer Oren identified a series of structures found at 13th and 12th centuries BCE sites of southern Canaan, calling them Egyptian Governors’ Residencies. He identified Bliss’s City IV as a defining site. In 2000 Blakely identified Petrie’s Pilaster Building as a second example from Tell el-Hesi. It is now clear that Bliss’s City IV dates to the 13th century and that some of its architectural elements were salvaged after its destruction to build Petrie’s Pilaster Building in the 12th century. All of the southern examples are found in an agricultural zone of uncertainty where there is no clear likelihood of a harvestable crop in any given normal year. As it happens, the 13th and especially the 12th centuries BCE were far from normal, being a period of drought and extreme drought. Thus no crops could have been expected. This suggests the structures could not have been centres for the collection of a grain harvest tax, the accepted view. Rather, one wonders if the sites did not monitor a large pasturage.     

Prony et babbage: apercus sur l'histoire de la division du travail mental∗

Hobbes and Hume on the imagination can initiate a discussion of empiricism in the 17th and 18th centuries: here, however, it provides the opportunity to focus on Kant's attempt to overcome the limits of their sense originating, naturalist ethics. I argue the general point that Kant's response to his predecessors, both empiricist and non-empiricists, is to modify their focus on nature without falling into skepticism; indeed, his speculative metaphysics also is a response to classical ontological metaphysics. Kant by providing two realms or perspectives, a natural and a noumenal, avoids many difficulties resulting from Hobbes and Hume's starting point in sense leading to imagination and a non-normative reason. Yet, challenged by Herder and the romantics, he uses a sort of residual view of the imagination in relation to the freedom of the noumenal, which results in difficulties for his speculative, noumenal metaphysics.     

Shajaó—Histories of an Invented Savage

Through multiple stories about Shajaó, an untold history of the Peruvian Amazon unfolds. This article, based on extensive archival research and fieldwork, brings together multivocal accounts about an Ese Eja man who allegedly killed a Catholic priest in 1932 and who, despite the large-scale expeditions sent out to capture him, was not apprehended until 1942. Through ongoing tales of Shajaó, the intersubjective ways in which memory is shaped and employed to influence and make sense of sociopoltical contexts is revealed in the exchanges between a notable “savage” and various economies in different historical settings—the rubber boom, extractivism upheld by debt-peonage, Catholic missionization and today's environmental service economy. This exploration questions the construction, reproduction and transformation of the multiple, though not always shared, experiential and interpretive frameworks that shape the historical consciousness of individual and collective memories over time. It also suggests that “disremembering”, in archival and oral accounts, reflects a critical political awareness of history's valid flexibility. Here, narratives are rewoven so that history continues to be told in ways that ensure that “Shajaó stories” never truly end.     

Protestantism,nation and diaspora in Imperial Germany

This article examines the close connection between Protestantism and nationalism in Imperial Germany within a transnational context. In the years before 1914, the Prussian State Church in particular strengthened the legal and organisational framework for an increasing number of diaspora congregations to become attached. These acted as an important vehicle to embed the nationalist rhetoric produced within the Reich into emigrants' notions of belonging. Whilst previous scholarship has noted this connection in general, the article sheds more detailed light on the mechanics and structure, but also on the limits, of this process. Feedback processes from periphery to centre, in turn, had an impact on German national identity construction as that of a nation that was not confined to state borders. Applying a constructionist theoretical framework, the contested question of whether the heterogeneity of Germans abroad allows for the application of the diaspora concept is answered affirmatively.