文明的开创与守望--试论南水北调与文物保护

南水北调工程涉及的物数量、质量空前绝后,物保护任务艰巨,是物工作的一次难得的历史机遇。     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of linkage strategies in Arab-Israeli water negotiations

Water issues are inherently multi-faceted and therefore water policy often involves linkages to other issues. By providing opportunities for bargaining, use of policy linkages in transboundary water negotiations can increase the possibilities of reaching agreements; however, they also involve potential political costs. While there is ample theoretical literature on the potential benefits and risks of linkages in transboundary water negotiations, there is little empirical work exploring if, how, and why linkages are implemented in practice, especially in areas of conflict, in which they have perhaps the largest potential impact. This study evaluates the rationales behind decisions to adopt or refrain from linkage strategies by examining their actual use in Arab-Israeli water negotiations. The study finds that the likelihood, scale, and scope of linkages change over time, and they depend on factors such as the political climate, the level of trust between the parties, the degree of power asymmetry between parties, and political affiliation. Other variables such as size of negotiating parties were weakly correlated with likelihood of linkages. Knowing the opportunities and limits afforded by such linkages is crucial for negotiators and policymakers who are often drawn to linkage strategies without considering their inherent risks.     

Experimental examination of animal trampling effects on artifact movement in dry and water saturated substrates: a test case from South India

This paper presents the motivation, procedures, and results of an experiment that examines short episodes of animal trampling in dry and water saturated substrates in South India. While horizontal artifact displacement was similar to that modeled by other trampling experiments, vertical artifact displacement in water saturated substrates was greater than any reported experiment to date. The toolstone used in this experiment, a silicious limestone, exhibited minimal damage after trampling. Artifact inclination patterning appeared to be a potentially diagnostic middle-range marker of trampling in water saturated substrates. Given the abundant number of Paleolithic sites that are located on flat, open surfaces near water-bodies, or experience monsoonal climatic regimes, we propose that future excavations should measure artifact inclination on a regular basis.     

徐贞明《潞水客谈》研究——一部值得关注的明代西北水利著作

明万历四年,徐贞明撰写了<潞水客谈>,认为发展西北农田水利建设,就近解决京师及北方地区的粮食供应问题,缓解东南地区的经济压力,实属国家之大计、之急务,并对开发西北水利的具体措施进行了论述.徐贞明之所以撰写此书,既有现实的社会政治和经济原因,又与他的个人经历有关.     

论水权流转的中国语境

水权能否自由流转,是判断其是否成为有效率产权制度的基本标准。本文阐述了水权流转的必要性,指出了我国水权流转制度的缺陷及其不足,并就健全与完善水资源流转法律制度提出了建议。     

潮汐灌溉与江南的水利生态(10-15世纪)

从宋代至明代,江南地区的潮汐灌溉在技术体系、地域范围上都发生了巨大变化,其原因在于江南地区的水利环境发生了重大变化:塘浦圩田体系的崩溃,使得潮汐灌溉的作用上升,但潮水带来咸水入侵、泥沙淤积等种种危害,使得闸坝的设置与管理日益重要。这一变化趋势自宋代开始,至明代黄浦江取代吴淞江的地位之后,整个江南的水利环境为之一变。感潮区在享用潮水之利的同时,也不得不承受浑潮泥沙的危害,由此最终导致这一灌溉方式的衰落。潮汐灌溉技术与水利环境这种互动的关系,典型的反映了江南感潮区水利生态的变化。     

陕西、河南地区出土唐代釉陶器釉层剥离原因分析

釉陶器在埋藏过程中,受物理及化学等因素的影响,会产生各种病害,釉层剥离是常见的病害之一。为了更深入地了解唐代釉陶器釉层剥离的原因并为以后的保护提供科学依据,对陕西、河南地区四个遗址出土的唐代釉陶器样品进行了显微观察、成分检测、热膨胀系数分析和吸水率测试。结果显示,四个遗址中,釉面保存相对完整且剥离现象较少的是巩县黄冶窑,而铜川黄堡窑、西安醴泉坊窑和乾县懿德太子墓釉陶器釉层剥离较为严重。进一步研究表明,釉陶器胎釉热膨胀系数不匹配和胎体烧结程度过低(因此造成吸水率过高)是影响釉陶器釉层剥离的主要内在因素。研究结果可为釉陶器的后续保护工作奠定基础。     

对开发陕西农业旅游的思考

农业旅游是一种新型旅游活动项目,它是当今旅游新需求的必然产物。本文从发展陕西农业旅游所具有的重要现实意义及其开发的可行性进行论述,并提出在进行农业旅游开发项目论证时应抓住的论证角度,力求为陕西农业旅游开发提供必要理论参考。     

古建筑木构件的防火处理与性能研究

古建筑具有重要的文化价值和经济价值,是重要的不可再生文化遗产。中国的古建筑以木为主要结构,而木结构的耐火等级低,这就造成了中国古建筑面临了一个极大的隐患——火灾,因此对古建筑木构件的防火处理与性能的研究迫在眉睫。为此,试验选取3种不同的木材和5种不同的阻燃剂作为研究对象,首先对涂覆不同阻燃剂的木材进行表观特征测量,然后分别采用热重分析法和扫描电子显微镜测试技术进行表征测试,最后分析阻燃木材的各种力学性能测试。研究结果表明:喷涂阻燃剂的木材其性能效果均优于未喷涂的木材。特别针对未涂油漆的原木构件,可以采用有机磷杂环阻燃剂或磷—氮类阻燃剂;普通油漆的木构件则适用于磷—氮类阻燃剂,而处理桐油木构件应用磷—氮类阻燃剂或阻燃油。     

利用红外热像测定土遗址导热系数的方法研究

土遗址土体加固效果的无损测试技术是目前土遗址保护加固之中急需解决的一个重要问题。为此探讨利用红外热像技术进行土遗址加固保护的无损测试,设计了相应的试验装置,并利用新疆交河故城遗址现场取得扰动土制成不同物理条件下的模型进行导热系数测定试验。分析土样表面温度随时间的变化规律,并根据非稳态导热理论反算出土样的导热系数。为了验证红外热像这种非接触无损测定土体导热系数方法的可靠性,在同样的土样上利用热特性分析仪(KD2 Pro)直接测量了土样的导热系数,两者结果差值甚小,证明了红外热像技术测定土体导热系数的可行性。还研究了干密度、含水率对遗址土体导热系数的影响作用。结果表明,在含水率一定情况下,遗址土体导热系数随干密度的增加而增大;在干密度一定情况下,遗址土体导热系数随含水率的增大而增大。研究结果可为土遗址土体加固效果评价作参考。