The impact of playground design on play choices and behaviors of pre-school children

The purpose of this study was to examine where and how children choose to play in four Australian pre-school centers with very different outdoor playgrounds. Using a momentary time sampling direct observation instrument, a total of 960 scans were taken of pre-determined target areas (paths, paved expanses, grass, softfall, sand feature, manufactured functional, manufactured constructive and natural) within four playgrounds over a 30-day period. During each scan, we recorded the number of boys and girls observed in each target area as well as the dominant type of play (functional, constructive, symbolic, self-focused, talking). A total of 2361 observations of children occurred across the four centers. The results revealed the children were using the four playgrounds differently. At the diverse and natural Center A, the most popular space was the natural area and the least popular space was the sandpit. At the small, compact and diverse Center B, children were fairly evenly dispersed, with the most popular areas being the softfall and paved expanse. At the hard and barren Center C, almost half the children were found on the pavement, but the sandpits and natural areas were also popular. Finally, at the large, sparse and old Center D, children were fairly evenly dispersed, but most were observed playing on the softfall. Across all centers, irrespective of target area, the dominant play activity was functional play followed by self-focused play. This article discusses these findings and asks important questions about the design of pre-school playgrounds. In doing so, this study has begun to explain the relationship between the design of outdoor play spaces, children's choices of play locations and their play behaviors.     

元明清瓷器纹饰“番莲花”研究

本文通过对中国古代文献中"西番莲"记载的梳理,释义了纹饰上"西番莲"和"番莲花"的异同,指出元明清瓷器上的番莲花图案是一种非具象的"文化寓意型"纹饰,具有兼及外来与本土两种文化的特征。在中国其与植物学意义上的西番莲的结合要晚至清代初期之后。     

“龙生九子不成龙”一说的由来

“龙生九子不成龙”一说从“蛟龙九子”一说演变而来的,用来比喻兄弟性格各异。实际上,这些龙子名称都是古代文献中怪兽的名称,人们不管这些词的原意,用来命名某些器物上的装饰纹样。     

复原陈列初探

复原陈列的设计布展中重要的是掌握它的真实性和可信性。复原球列创造了展示“空间的场”,但更重要的是营造公众内在需求的“心理的场”。     

What Is Next for Policy Design and Social Construction Theory?1

The study of policy design has made great progress over the past decade in leading scholars to understand why the American political system produces certain kinds of designs rather than others, and the consequences that policy designs have for democracy. This article outlines the distinctive and important elements of policy design theory—the centrality of policy design, the attention to social constructions, the attention to policy consequences (or feed‐forward effects), and the integration of normative and empirical research and theory. It then suggests how policy design theory can complement other policy theories in guiding research and evaluating the conditions of U.S. democracy, and how in its own right it can be further developed and used to guide important inquiry about public policy's politics and social impacts.     

Institutionalizing Neutrally Competent Policy Analysis: Resources for Promoting Objectivity and Balance in Consolidating Democracies

Creating institutions that foster the production of objective and balanced policy analysis is a challenging task for all types of regimes. The value of neutral competence often suffers in tradeoffs with the value of responsiveness, especially in the exercise of executive authority. Institutional designers, however, are not without resources for structuring arrangements to promote the production of objective and balanced policy analysis: organizations can be created with an incentive to achieve "reputations" for neutral competence; organizations can be isolated from being too politically responsive through forms of "independence"; for promoting interaction based on "professional norms" can be created to resolve conflicts about prediction; "participation in international organizations" can be leveraged to counteract domestic biases; and "transparency" can be employed to facilitate balancing of views or to shame severe abuses. This essay sets out the logic underlying design with these sorts of institutional resources, illustrates their use primarily in the U.S. context, and speculates on their application in consolidating democracies.     

湿地公园游步道设计的探讨——以杭州西溪国家湿地公园为例

随着湿地公园旅游热的兴起,更为生态化的公园设计显得尤为重要,而游步道作为游客游览的主要通道,正越来越受到关注。本文以杭州西溪国家湿地公园为例,阐述了游步道设计在湿地公园保护中的重要地位和作用,提炼出湿地公园游步道设计的遵循原则,并针对设计中的各个要素进行详细地分析和研究,提出湿地公园游步道的设计应充分体现旅游行为与生态保护的融合。     

论西周时期人兽母题青铜器

本文对西周时期人兽母题青铜器进行归纳、梳理,并通过与商代人兽母题青铜器的比较研究,认为商代人兽母题纹样发展到西周时期,已明显发生了变化,即已由完全宗教含义转变为单一的军队威猛的象征,是炫耀战功的一种形式。     

Formt die Technik die Musik? Montageästhetik zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts

Does technology shape music? Aesthetics of assembly at the beginning of the 20^th century. This article deals with the relationship between assembly in production technology and similar processes in musical composition. Can composers like Eric Satie, Igor Strawinsky or George Antheil, who used assembly methods in some of their compositions, be called assemblers? The authors point out that all three composers used assembly methods in different ways and with different purposes. Applying a theoretical approach inspired by media studies they come to the conclusion that the conditions under which musical works using assembly methods are shaped do not originate in technology but in the aesthetic convictions of the composer. Apart from assembly methods there are many other compositional principles the composer relies on. Technology may inspire music but does not determine the musical outcome.     

论广州旅游形象建设

本文在分析广州市旅游业现实形象的基础上,结合国内外旅游业发展的趋势和广州建设国际化城市的需要,提出广州旅游的形象定位为岭南文化名城旅游形象、华南商贸旅游城市形象、岭南大都市生态旅游形象、花园式旅游城市形象和华南旅游中心枢纽城市形象。