Virtual Forum: Archaeology and Decolonization

In this forum, patiently achieved through months of cyber-work, participants Nayanjot Lahiri (India), Nick Shepherd (South Africa), Joe Watkins (USA) and Larry Zimmerman (USA), plus the two editors of Arqueología Suramericana, Alejandro Haber (Argentina) and Cristóbal Gnecco (Colombia), discuss the topic of archaeology and decolonization. Nayanjot Lahiri teaches archaeology in her capacity as Professor at the Department of History, University of Delhi. Her books include Finding Forgotten Cities: How the Indus Civilization was Discovered (2005) and The Archaeology of Indian Trade Routes (1992). She has edited The Decline and Fall of the Indus Civilization (2000) and an issue of World Archaeology entitled The Archaeology of Hinduism (2004). Nick Shepherd is a senior lecturer in the Center for African Studies at the University of Cape Town, where he convenes the program in public culture in Africa. He sits on the executive committee of the World Archaeological Congress, and is co-editor of the journal Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress. In 2004 he was based at Harvard University as a Mandela Fellow. He has published widely on issues of archaeology and society in Africa, and on issues of public history and heritage. Joe Watkins is Choctaw Indian and archaeologist Joe Watkins is an Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico. He is 1/2 Choctaw Indian by blood, and has been involved in archaeology for more than thirty-five years. He received his Bachelor’s of Arts degree in Anthropology from the University of Oklahoma and his Master’s of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Anthropology from Southern Methodist University, where his doctorate examined archaeologists’ responses to questionnaire scenarios concerning their perceptions of American Indian issues. His current study interests include the ethical practice of anthropology and the study of anthropology’s relationships with descendant communities and Aboriginal populations, and he has published numerous articles on these topics. His first book Indigenous Archaeology: American Indian Values and Scientific Practice (AltaMira Press, 2000) examined the relationships between American Indians and archaeologists and is in its second printing His latest book, Reclaiming Physical Heritage: Repatriation and Sacred Sites (Chelsea House Publishers 2005) is aimed toward creating an awareness of Native American issues among high school students. Larry J. Zimmerman is Professor of Anthropology and Museum Studies and Public Scholar of Native American Representation at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and the Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art. He is Vice President of the World Archaeological Congress. He also has served WAC as its Executive Secretary and as the organizer of the first WAC Inter-Congress on Archaeological Ethics and the Treatment of the Dead. His research interests include the archaeology of the North American Plains, contemporary American Indian issues, and his current project examining the archaeology of homelessness. Originally published in Spanish in Arqueología Suramericana 3(1), 2007     

当前历史知识社会化趋势刍议

当前社会出现了前所未有的大众关心历史的现象,历史知识社会化已经成为一种趋势。这种现象的形成,有着深层次的背景和动因,也对史学工作者提出了新的课题和挑战。本文从传统史学的普及与当前历史知识社会化趋势、当前历史知识社会化趋势的动因、历史知识社会化趋势中的问题、史学工作者面对历史知识社会化趋势的时代责任四个方面,对当前历史知识社会化趋势进行了思考。     

洛阳周公庙与五贤祠的兴衰

洛阳周公庙始建于隋末,位于隋唐东都洛阳宫城应天门东侧,后代历经修缮.五贤祠位于周公庙旁边,从某种意义上说它是周公庙的补充和延伸.文中披露有关文献和近年出土的碑刻文物,见证了洛阳周公庙与五贤祠的兴废.     

Raw materials for medieval to post-medieval Tuscan glassmaking: new insight from LA-ICP-MS analyses

LA-ICP-MS analyses were performed on a set of Tuscan (post) medieval archaeological glass finds dated to the 13–16th century in order to quantitatively determine the trace element contents. The results are used for defining and distinguishing several compositional groups. The trace element data are consistent with the distinctions obtained by considering the major element data determined via quantitative SEM-EDX, but allow to obtain new insights into the nature and quality of the silica sources employed and the presumed method of ash purification.     

关于郑州商城小型房基的几点认识

郑州商城房基最早发现于20世纪50年代,主要发现地点位于内城东北角的白家庄、外郭城西部的人民公园和内城北部的紫荆山铸铜作坊遗址内。目前发现的商城房基可以分为地面式、半地穴式和窖穴式三类。房基的形状有长方形、方形、圆形、不规则形等。但最常见的形状是长方形,有的房基在建造过程中或建造之后有举行祭祀礼仪的习俗。此外,本文还对郑州商城小型房基发现较少的原因进行了探讨。     

文化区域分类的定量讨论

考古学家对文化区域类型的区分主要通过器物特征和器物组合关系的变化来把握相对年代和空间分布形态,具有较强的直观性和经验性。本文在考古分类中引入了定量分析的方法,并结合具体材料进行了实例尝试,以期使考古学区系类型的建立更趋科学和完善。     

State of preservation of polymorphic plasma proteins recovered from ancient human bones

Protected by the mineral matrix, bone proteins are capable of surviving inhumation periods of several hundreds or thousands of years in soil. While the preservation of the bone matrix protein, collagen I, is the prerequisite for a variety of archaeometric approaches, such as radiocarbon dating and the reconstruction of palaeodiet by stable isotope analysis, little is known about both the rate and state of preservation of non‐collagenous proteins. We succeeded in the isolation, electrophoretic separation (SDS‐PAGE, IEF) and immunological detection (radial immunodiffusion, IEF immunoblotting and ELISA) of plasma proteins preserved in archaeological human bones. However, sample preparation and electrophoretic methods had to be adapted to the specific demands of these aged proteins, since they are not only degraded and fragmented but also cross‐linked to other organic components, either indigenous to the bone or to contaminants from the burial environment. Complex decomposition phenomena are responsible for the altered mode of migration of aged proteins through a gel. After isoelectric focusing, the ancient proteins mainly concentrate below pH 4.45 in the pH‐gradient. Thus, highly negatively charged protein components have a better chance of preservation in bone after death. Isoelectric focusing with subsequent immunoblotting of ancient protein samples revealed protein patterns which showed marked charge‐modifications in comparison with those of modern human plasma proteins due to protein degradation (e.g. α₂‐HS‐glycoprotein and α₁‐antitrypsin). Nevertheless, in combination with different immunological analyses, previous results concerning the selective enrichment of α₂‐HS‐glycoprotein in bone compared with other plasma glycoproteins could be confirmed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

经史尊卑论三题

在中国学术史上,经史关系源远流长,经史尊卑确有纷争。本文以《汉志》“史附于经”现象、宋代“荣经陋史”观和明清“六经皆史”说三个涉及到经史尊卑的重要论题展开讨论,认为《汉志》“史附于经”只是一种目录分类现象,没有反映汉代经学与史学已经学科分离的客观事实,不能作为汉代史学依附于经学的依据,也不能说明二者之间存在着先后、尊卑和主从依附的关系。宋代义理之学提倡以经为本、先经后史,有一种普遍重经、荣经的倾向,但就其代表性学派程朱理学的经史观念而言,其荣经是实,陋史则不确;尊经是实,卑史则不尽然。明清学者重视阐发“六经皆史”,普遍主张道器合一、理事合一与经史合一,然而与明代王阳明主张经与史同具于吾心、王世贞以经史区分典籍、李贽以否定儒学权威为目的的学说旨趣不同,清代章学诚“六经皆史”说的主旨思想,是要后世史学效法“六经”切于人事的学术精神、崇尚“六经”“圆而神”、“方以智”的撰述旨趣,以经世致用和史学变革为目的;明儒不以尊卑论经史,章学诚的“六经皆史”说也无贬低经学之意蕴。     

周公庙遗址田野考古工作的理念与方法——2007～2008年度中国田野考古一等奖获奖项目介绍

2004年2月,陕西省考古研究所与北京大学考古文博学院联合成立周公庙考古队之始,就把判定该遗址商周时期聚落性质作为学术研究     

甘家坡遗址发掘简报

甘家坡遗址位于湖北省兴山县小河村1组。2004年7月至8月,咸宁市博物馆对该遗址进行了勘探发掘,发掘面积300平方米,获得了一批春秋、宋、明时期的重要遗迹和遗物。清理出春秋时期的房基址2座、灰坑1个、宋代沟1条,出土了一批陶、瓷、铁等不同质地的文化遗物。虽然遗址保存状况差,遗存堆积薄,但这是香溪河中游地区首次发现的春秋遗存,对我们了解香溪河流域两周之际文化面貌有着重要意义。