范祖禹《唐鉴》的编纂及其内容特点——以《唐鉴·太宗》为探讨核心

《唐鉴》是范祖禹史学的代表著作。由《唐鉴.太宗》的内容分析,《唐鉴》在编纂方面,记时不甚精确,记事上亦偶有错误。《唐鉴》记太宗事始于"高祖卷",又将太宗分为上、下两卷论述,上卷褒多于贬;下卷则是贬甚于褒,范祖禹以贞观十四年为太宗卷的分界,认为这是太宗朝由盛转衰的关键,亦是"贞观之治"的分水岭。此外,范祖禹编纂《唐鉴》,已初具有"纪事本末"体例,而其叙事,多简化、删削《资治通鉴》原文,以及省略人物职官。在内容方面,《唐鉴.太宗》讨论范围广泛,其中涉及最多者即是"为君之道"与"华夷之防",从"太宗卷"的叙事与评论,也可以反映出范祖禹反对变法改革的政治思想。     

《史记》与《周易》

《史记》深受《周易》的影响,本文从以下几个方面作了说明司马迁十分推崇《周易》,视其为圣人之书;“致命遂志”是司马迁的最高价值追求;“殊途同归”、“易简”、“时变”等观念是其写作《史记》的重要指导思想;《周易》中的很多辞句,成为其立论的依据。     

In-Plane Seismic Response Analyses of a Historical Brick Masonry Building Using Equivalent Frame and 3D FEM Modeling Approaches

ABSTRACT

This article aims at contributing to the seismic performance assessment of a historic brick masonry building by finding a strength reduction coefficient through the use of linear and nonlinear modeling approaches, using Finite Element Method and Equivalent Frame modeling. To reduce the uncertainties, ambient vibration tests (AVT) were implemented. Series of simulations was performed using nonlinear dynamic analyses and incremental dynamic analysis curves were compared with the pushover curves. Results indicate that the mass-proportional pushover curve meets the mean of results obtained from IDA and the strength reduction coefficient falls into the range given in EN 1998–1 for unreinforced masonry.     

Introduction: Historical geographies of internationalism, 1900–1950

This introduction to a special issue on historical geographies of internationalism begins by situating the essays that follow in relation to the on-going refugee crisis in Europe and beyond. This crisis has revealed, once again, both the challenges and the potential of internationalism as a form of political consciousness and the international as a scale of political action. Recent work has sought to re-conceptualise internationalism as the most urgent scale at which governance, political activity and resistance must operate when confronting the larger environmental, economic, and strategic challenges of the twenty-first century. Although geographers have only made a modest contribution to this work, we argue that they have a significant role to play. The essays in this special issue suggest several ways in which a geographical perspective can contribute to rethinking the international: by examining spaces and sites not previously considered in internationalist histories; by considering the relationship between the abstractions of internationalism and the geographical and historical specificities of its performance; and by analysing the interlocking of internationalism with other political projects. We identify, towards the end of this essay, seven ways that internationalism might be reconsidered geographically in future research through; its spatialities and temporalities; the role of newly independent states; science and research; identity politics; and with reference to its performative and visual dimensions.