The European Alps – an exceptional range of mountains? Braudel’s argument put to the test

In his classic work about the Mediterranean in the period of Philipp II, French historian Fernand Braudel designates the European Alps an ‘exceptional range of mountains’ and offers several reasons therefor. In contrast to other parts of Braudel’s work, this argument has gone largely unnoticed in scholarship. This article intends to put it to the test in light of recent publications on the Alps. The first two sections give an outline of Braudel’s dealings with mountain regions and of historical research on the Alps from the 1970s onwards. The third section comments on the suitability of Braudel’s criteria for empirical assessments in a comparative perspective. In the conclusions it is argued that Braudel’s general intuition is still valid to some degree. It is less certain, however, that all the criteria are pertinent. More importantly, the findings emphasize the fact that the history of the Alps cannot be studied without paying close attention to their links with the surrounding lowlands. Thus the question of alpine exceptionality raises the question of the special trajectory of these lowland regions within the larger history of Europe.     

Long-term land-use changes in small/medium-sized cities. Enhancing the general trends and local characteristics

Small and medium-sized cities represent the backbone of the European territory, promoting cohesion and an economic base for development. The study compares the spatial and temporal trajectories of land use in three small/medium-sized cities located in central Portugal, between 1958 and 2011. The cities of Viseu, Leiria and Castelo Branco were chosen because they are located in different urban sub-systems and because of the different factors that frame their alterations in land use, occupation and consequent urban development. The research evaluates the transformations, supported by indicators to explain the spatial dynamics of losses and gains and a principal component analysis compares the land-use trajectories for the three cities. The general results reveal an increase from the central part of the study areas to the periphery, contrasting with a continuous decrease of the agricultural parts, illustrating peri-urbanization and rururbanization processes. The study allows identification of the dynamics in the three analysed areas, highlighting the different rhythms of change and relating them to the particularities that exist in each city. The methodology represents an advantage for the analysis and evaluation of territorial dynamics related to land-use change, and made possible the identification of the different forces.     

《山海经·中山经》河洛地区山川考述

《山海经·中山经》对黄河中游至洛河、伊河一带山川的记述非常详实。由于《山海经》成书时代较早(一般认为是先秦时期的著作),至汉魏时期,其中的山川地名大多已湮没无闻。汉魏以来,历代学者先后对《中山经》所载的河洛地区山川进行了地名学的研究,但他们的研究结论多有不确之处,对其中很多山川的地望作出了错误的判断,甚至影响到了这一地区很多地名的命名。本文在前人基础上,考证《中山经》河洛地区诸山川的地望,并探讨《山经》时代人们对此地区地理环境的认识。     

‘Mountain women’: silent contributors to the global agenda for sustainable mountain development

In this article, we examine the transnational and international discourses and initiatives focused on and/or carried out by the so-called ‘mountain women.’ Tracking the growing reference to ‘mountain women’, we analyze the way in which the construction and the claim of a gendered identity has developed within the general debate on the international recognition of the global importance of mountain environments that emerged about 20 years ago. Drawing on documents, a survey and interviews, our main objective is exploring how such a reference could lead to the making of an imagined community of ‘mountain women’ offering opportunities for political action. This article concludes that, though women are identified in international discourses as essential contributors to sustainable mountain development, the social identity ‘mountain women’ has not yet evolved into a collective identity around which political solidarities and strategies coalesce to ultimately ground collective action. Indeed, women's organizations have other themes on their agendas and are active at other scales apart from the global one. Indeed, few are willing to identify themselves as ‘mountain women.’ For the time being, ‘mountain women’ remain silent partners in the global agenda for sustainable mountain development.     

工业环境保护与安全工程专业建设的探索

通过分析工业环境保护与安全工程专业的发展现状,提出应以现代高等教育理念为指导,构建包括科技和人文素质课、专业理论课、实践课、选修课四大部分的课程体系,和为培养适应社会经济和科技发展的新型高素质人才的理论教学体系。     

基于生态敏感性评价的城市土地利用模式研究——以长春净月经济开发区为例

生态敏感性高的城市地域的土地利用是城市规划、建设、管理过程中比较"棘手"的问题之一,经常因为环境保护与建设发展的矛盾而使之处于两难的境地。本文在总结和思辨一般性城市土地利用模式的基础上,借助GIS技术对长春市净月经济开发区的土地利用现状进行生态敏感性评价。结果显示,因特定的水域和人工林环境导致净月区总体上生态敏感性较高,按照划分的极高、高、中、低、非敏感5种生态敏感区,其中度及以上生态敏感区占全区50%左右。作者进一步以生态敏感性分区为前提,总结提出其土地利用的空间结构模式、类型结构模式和管理模式,并指出其中后二者尚在不断完善过程中。     

从芒砀到丰沛:汉高祖刘邦起兵发微

从丰西纵徒到夺取沛县,刘邦在这两年多时间的活动史书多有阙失。从零散资料发微表明,其间刘邦在芒砀山制造舆论、积聚力量、等待时机,为起兵反秦做准备工作。陈胜、吴广大泽乡起义,天下云集响应,刘邦距张楚政权最近,并与陈胜的重要谋士张耳有故交,但为了独立发展,始终没有与陈胜义军发生任何联系。在夺取沛县之前,应有一个丰邑起兵的过程,这是刘邦正式起兵反秦的开始。     

四川博物院藏清道光拓西汉扬量买山记拓片探微

现藏四川博物院的清道光拓西汉扬量买山记拓片,从内容与文字风格上证实了扬量买山石刻并非伪刻。通过比对以及对拓片上题跋的研究,可知四川博物院所藏3张拓片只有清道光拓西汉扬量买山记拓片为原石所拓,其余2件为不同版本的翻刻。通过原拓与其它汉碑相关文字进行比对,对部分文字进行了释读,考证出刻石之人姓名应为"扬量",厘清了历史上由于没有见到初拓本而造成的文字误读。     

Measuring park visitation vulnerability to climate extremes in U.S. Rockies National Parks tourism

ABSTRACT

Changes in temperature and precipitation can affect tourist experiences. This study examines how summer park visitation has changed in response to temperature and precipitation extremes. The study goals were two-fold. The first is to introduce a framework and the second is to test it in a pilot region with four mountainous National Parks. The framework is designed to compare the vulnerability of seasonal park visitation to shifts in a combined indicator of temperature and precipitation. It uniquely considers needed measurements, and the data required to conduct an analysis. The second goal is to test it in four destinations in the U.S. Northern Rockies, including Glacier, Yellowstone, Grand Teton, and Rocky Mountain National Parks. The preliminary test reveals outlier cases of visitation under wet and dry extremes. The analysis connects time series climate and visitation data for the peak summer season from 1991–2012. Outlier analysis illustrates more change in extremely dry conditions, with four out of the six dry-year outliers resulting in a visitation decline. Whether this decline in park tourism is attributable to climate features, economic factors, or conscious management decisions, these drops have significant economic impacts: estimates of changes in visitor spending during dry years are between roughly 9 and 90 million USD. These differences may be connected to the popular activities in each park, and the extent they are dependent on weather conditions. This framework can be used to test the relationship between climate and tourism visitation in other regions, in various seasons and time frames. The work may inform the tourist sector in adjusting and planning for a range of conditions. We discuss opportunities and conclude with additional needs for understanding the mechanisms behind risk in mountain park tourism under climate extremes.     

印度国际移民与侨务工作的历史与现状

论文介绍了印度国际移民人口分布的历史根源、印度独立后长期忽视海外侨民工作的原因、后果以及面对经济全球化大潮的出现,印度经济自由化与海外侨民政策的改变;并根据印度政府发表的《海外印度人问题高级委员会报告》和海外印度人事务部从2006年至2011公布的历年《工作报告》等官方文献和新资料,分析了海外印度人社会发生的深刻变化,着重探讨了印度2004年建立海外印度人事务部以来,在开展海外印度人社区服务、对外移民和劳工保护、引进海外印资、印智以及行政管理等方面工作的成就与不足,以及对中国侨务政策的若干启示。