An innovative methodology of assessing the climate change impact on cultural heritage

Climate change is expected to have a severe impact on cultural heritage in the future. This study presents the methodology developed during the FP7 project Climate for Culture, of assessing the climate change impact on collection objects in cultural heritage buildings. The main innovation lies in coupling new high resolution future climate projections with building simulation tools in order to predict future indoor climate and identify future risks in historic buildings. The case study is an intermittently heated wooden chapel in Croatia. The whole building simulation model of the chapel was validated using a newly developed method of accuracy assessment in the context of preventive conservation. Even though modeling intermittent heating induces limitations in the model, it can be used for computing of future indoor data. Future indoor climate data was assessed for possible risks of biological, mechanical, and chemical damage to painted wooden panels using the newly developed specific climate risk assessment. When using this method of damage assessment on buildings with active climate control, especially with intermittent heating, it is recommended to determine the relevant season for the damage process in order to objectively analyze results.     

Accuracy evaluation of the semi-automatic 3D modeling for historical building information models

It is stated that 3D recording and modeling of heritage buildings entail accurate building models (as-built). However, this paper presents an analysis of the 3D modeling accuracy for the creation of historical building information models (HBIM), considering the complexity and the deformations of historical buildings, using point cloud data and BIM tools. The 3D modeling processes analyzed are based on a three-stage semi-automatic approach leading to the generation of HBIM, including manual and automatic processes. The three stages consist of: (a) optical and terrestrial laser scanning; (b) meshing processes; and finally (c) 3D solid modeling to be assembled into HBIM. Next, this approach analyzed the mesh deformations generated automatically in comparison to the initial point cloud data. The deformations and the accuracy evaluation have been undertaken using different commercial software. Finally, our modeling approach shows that it can improve the accuracy of the 3D models achieved using existing BIM technologies.     

Rethinking Performative Methods in the History of Science

Performative methods have been part of history of science research and education for at least three decades. Understood broadly, they cover every methodology in which a historian or philosopher of science engages in embodied interaction with sources, tools and materials that do not traditionally belong to historical research, with the aim of answering a historical research question. The question no longer appears to be whether performative methods have a place within history and philosophy of science research, but what their place is, could, or should be; when and how they can and cannot be used. Because although performative methods are seen as an enrichment of the field by many, their growing popularity also raises questions: what new insights and challenges has the increased use of performative methods in the history of science brought us? How has it changed the field? Should performative research methods become a mandatory part of the training of new generations of historians of science? In this special issue, historians and philosophers of science for whom performative methods play an important role in their work reflect on these questions from their own research and teaching practices.     

The Application of SfM Photogrammetry Software for Extracting Artifact Provenience from Palaeolithic Excavation Surfaces

While photogrammetry has become popular in archaeology and heritage management as an effective, low-cost method for generating detailed three-dimensional models, it remains to be established that the accuracy of model-derived measurements is sufficient for analytical purposes. Based on an expedient, in-field model processing protocol, we report preliminary results concerning the accuracy of artifact provenience information derived from photogrammetry models of excavation surfaces at the Upper Palaeolithic site of Shuidonggou Locality 2 in China. Error in model-derived provenience can range easily into the centimeter scale; accuracy in some spatial axes are significantly, but weakly, affected by the size of the sampled surface. While the observed error range is larger than thresholds proposed for Palaeolithic excavations, it is arguably acceptable in settings where the analytical demand for provenience precision is lower. We identify possible sources of error and discuss how model accuracy can be improved by additional systematic testing.     

Establishing Best Practices for Photogrammetric Recording During Archaeological Fieldwork

Archaeologists have recently embraced photogrammetry as a low-cost, efficient tool for recording archaeological artifacts, active excavation contexts, and architectural remains. However, no consensus has yet been reached about standard procedures for reliable and metrically accurate photogrammetric recording. The archaeological literature describes diverse equipment and approaches to photogrammetry. The purpose of this article is to open a discussion about when and how photogrammetry should be employed in archaeology in an effort to establish “best practices” for this new method. We focus on the integration of photogrammetry within a comprehensible research plan, the selection of equipment, the appropriate apportionment of labor and time on site, and a rubric for site photography that is conducive to successful and efficient modeling. We conclude that photogrammetric modeling will soon become an indispensable tool in most archaeological applications but should always be implemented in ways that do not place undue burdens on project personnel and budgets and that aid research goals in well-defined ways.     

长江三角洲技术扩散规律及其对策初探

技术扩散已经成为决定区域高新技术产业乃至区域经济可持续发展的重要因素,从时间尺度上看,区域技术扩散速度呈现"S"型分布。本文论述了我国经济技术较为发达的长江三角洲地区的技术扩散历程、态势、不同等级的技术扩散中心,在此基础上,提出了提高认识、建立区域技术扩散体系,发挥企业主体作用等促进技术扩散的对策建议。     

基于新发展理念的长三角地区高质量发展时空分异及其影响因素

“双循环”发展大背景下,深入贯彻新发展理念已成为推动区域高质量发展的关键。本文基于新发展理念构建长三角地区高质量发展评价体系,运用数理统计分析和地理加权回归模型等方法对2009—2019年长三角地区高质量发展的时空格局分异及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明：(1)近十年长三角地区高质量发展总体水平有所提高,其创新、绿色、协调、开放和共享五个子系统均呈向好发展趋势。(2)近十年长三角地区高质量发展空间极化现象明显;从五个子系统来看,创新发展呈“东高西低”空间分布格局,开放发展呈“核心—边缘”空间分布格局,共享发展呈“南高北低”空间分布格局,协调发展空间集聚特征显著,绿色发展空间分布格局不断演变。(3)当前长三角地区高质量发展水平相对较低的城市主要受多个复合因素的共同作用,其中创新发展滞后是限制区域高质量发展水平提升最为关键的因素。(4)长三角地区高质量发展主要受人口集聚、城镇化水平和人力资本投入等因素的影响,具有明显的地域差异特征。本研究尝试推进新发展理念下区域高质量发展的评价与测度研究,为后续促进区域更高质量发展提供参考。     

汉阳陵遗址文物保存风幕隔离及富氮低氧环境数值模拟研究

汉阳陵帝陵从葬坑遗址保护展示厅常年的高湿度环境(空气相对湿度为95%±5%)容易使遗址文物发生霉变等病害。为此本研究以从葬坑遗址保护展示厅15号坑为研究对象,根据基本假设,建立了从葬坑文物保存区域空气流动的二维数学模型,并采用标准k-ε两方程湍流模型和SIMPLE算法进行了数值计算。研究了风幕送风速度和送风仰角对风幕隔离性能的影响,并确定了15号坑适宜的送风速度为1.5m/s、送风仰角为10°。研究结果对高湿环境下如何营造风幕隔离及富氮低氧环境提供了依据,对坑式遗址文物保护具有重要意义。     

How reliable are our published archaeometric analyses? Effects of analytical techniques through time on the elemental analysis of obsidians

To assess the analytical accuracies and precisions of archaeometric elemental analyses by different techniques, a relatively homogeneous material such as obsidian must be studied. An assessment of published elemental concentration data from two Anatolian obsidian sources shows that while in most cases analytical accuracy is as high as is commonly expected, in some cases it is not. It also shows that the dispersions of elemental concentration data (indicators of analytical precisions) coming from modern analytical procedures are akin to the estimated homogeneity of the obsidian. Based on this latter observation, if one has element dispersion data from a single analytical technique, with a single source of obsidian as a control, data sets that contain multiple, but similar sources of obsidian may be differentiated.     

宋代以“重禄法”治吏惩赃政策评析

宋代熙宁年间,着力通过市易法、募役法等解决国家的财政收入问题,进而在国家行政体系的改革中推行增加吏禄、以重法治赃的"重禄法"(亦称"仓法",因首先推行自仓吏)。而市易法的收入是"重禄"的直接经济来源。实行"重禄法"以治吏惩贪,一定程度上遏制了吏的卖法弄权。由于熙宁改革的破产,重禄法难以广泛推行,并在元祐初年被名义上废止,但其以"重禄人"的形式至少推延至南宋绍兴年间;吏之有禄成为行政惯例,延续到南宋。重典治吏的思想则贯穿于宋王朝的始终。