高中物理新课程三维目标的教学思考

三维目标是相互联系、相互渗透的整体,是一个完整的人在物理学习探究活动中实现物理素养建构的三个侧面。因此,课堂教学应该全面关注三维目标,并将它整合于统一的物理教学活动过程之中。     

The ballistics of seventeenth century musket balls

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates the firing of seventeenth Century musket balls. Prior to this research, the main concerns with making range predictions were associated with the deformed shape of the musket balls affecting their drag coefficient and therefore their distance to ground impact. However, the distance due to bounce and roll after initial impact has been unknown. In this work, the distance travelled after the first ground impact greatly exceeded expectations, with the musket balls approximately doubling the distance to their final resting positions. From these findings the initial factors thought to have had high relevance to the final resting position of the musket ball (velocity variation and drag co-efficient) become less significant and factors such as ground hardness become more prominent. The knowledge gained during this investigation will allow more accurate information to be obtained on the firing positions of opposing forces during conflicts in the English Civil War.     

Saxton's Maps of England and Wales: The Accuracy of Anglia and Britannia and Their Relationship to Each Other and to the County Maps

ABSTRACT

From measurements of the graticules on Saxton's two general maps of England and Wales—the atlas map Anglia and the wall map Britannia—together with other evidence, it is argued that neither map was drawn according to any specific projection, but that both were effectively produced as ‘flat-earth’ maps with the graticules superimposed afterwards. Digital versions of Saxton's maps and of a modern map, the 1:1 million Ordnance Survey transport map, are used in a number of comparisons by means of the computer program MapAnalyst. These comparisons allow the scales of the two Saxton maps to be determined. They also show that the maps are of almost the same accuracy in terms of the positioning of settlements, typically within about 4.6 kilometres, in spite of a difference in scale of a factor of about 3.6. This fact and the direct comparison of the two Saxton maps in MapAnalyst show that they are basically the same map, and it is concluded that a version of the wall map was the first to be drawn and that Anglia is a reduced copy prepared for the atlas. The lengths of Saxton's miles as used on the two maps are calculated and compared with other determinations. The relationship between the two general maps and the county maps is briefly considered, and it is provisionally concluded that the relationship is a close one.     

试论旅游宣传资料翻译的标准和改进翻译质量的建议

本文分析旅游宣传资料翻译中存在的问题,并提出旅游翻译的标准以及改进翻译质量的建议.     

高校图书馆馆员继续教育问题初探

信息时代,要求高校图书馆馆员的职能从传统的、单一型的服务转变为更宽泛的、多功能的服务上来,要不断地进行知识更新,使自己的思想观念、知识结构、工作能力都能够适应社会和广大读者的需要。而接受继续教育,则是必要途径。本文有针对性的提出了对不同层次馆员进行继续教育的内容、措施及形式。     

安徽南陵出土部分青铜器研究

安徽省南陵县是长江下游地区最早而且规模最大的冶炼中心之一,其古代矿冶遗址可上溯至西周晚期。本研究对南陵出土的不同年代和类别的青铜器样品进行了金相检测及合金成分定量分析。结果表明,只有容器存在铜铅二元合金和铜锡铅三元合金,但是热锻淬火的容器却不含铅,含锡量恰好位于适合该工艺操作并具有良好性能的区间。兵器、工具、车马饰均为铜锡二元合金,说明当时的工匠对于合金成分配比与性能的关系有明确的认识。越式鼎腹部样品具有热锻淬火马氏体组织,同样的金属结构还见于汉代铜锣等乐器、峡江地区战国中晚期青铜剑、江都大桥镇南朝青铜器窖藏出土的多件青铜容器,而镇江地区出土吴国青铜戈则具有铸造淬火组织,工艺稍有差别。这些器物中发现高锡青铜淬火组织不是偶然的,高锡青铜热锻淬火技术至少可以上溯至春秋战国时期,用以改善高锡青铜的机械性能。     

Identifying high-status foods in the archeological record

More than providing simply nutritive value, food in human societies can be endowed with great social weight. Aspects of any given food system inform, and are informed by, a variety of social, economic, religious, historical, ecological, cultural, and political processes. Moreover, food systems are often intentionally designed and executed to communicate key aspects of a consumer’s identity including class or social status. The manipulation of food systems on the part of socio-political elites or high status individuals is but one example of this phenomenon, the appearance of which is a correlate of increased socio-political hierarchy. As food can come to be used by elites as a socio-political tool in stratified societies, the temptation to use archeologically recognizable differences in foodways as a means of understanding the origin, nature, and functioning of processes of stratification is strong. The obvious difficulty lies in developing theoretically informed methods that reckon food system differences in ways that enable scholars to identify those foods that may have been particularly imbued with social meaning. In this paper, we propose a metric for the identification of elite foods (or, indeed, socially valued foods) using the types of data typically available to archeologists. Based on these proposed criteria, we attempt to unravel the complex and politically charged food system of the stratified societies of the pre-Columbian Greater Antilles with an eye towards refining our understanding of the development and maintenance of prestige and institutionalized power therein.     

Hazelnut economy of early Holocene hunter–gatherers: a case study from Mesolithic Duvensee,northern Germany

Throughout the greater part of human evolution in Europe, use of plant foods is invisible and thus might have played a secondary role in nutrition. Ecological changes at the beginning of the early Holocene provoked innovations in early Mesolithic subsistence, focusing on the rich plant resources of the increasingly forested environment. High-resolution analyses of the excellently preserved and well-dated special task camps documented in detail at Duvensee, Northern Germany, offer an outstanding opportunity for case studies on Mesolithic subsistence and land use strategies. Quantification of the nut utilisation demonstrates the great importance of hazelnuts. These studies revealed very high return rates and allow for absolute assessments of the development of early Holocene economy. Stockpiling of the energy rich resource and an increased logistical capacity are innovations characterising an intensified early Mesolithic land use, which is reflected in the stable tradition of uniform seasonal settlement patterns at early Mesolithic Duvensee. The case study reveals characteristics in early Mesolithic subsistence and land use that anticipate attributes of the Neolithic economy.     

考古发掘中的地层剖面薄层标本的揭取技术

考古发掘中的地层剖面在历史研究中占有重要地位。在北京琉璃河遗址进行的地层剖面薄层标本揭取,使用了日本奈良化财研究所开发的新材科和技术,经刷树脂、贴纱布、揭取、水洗、表面处理等步骤完成。这次揭取工作的成功,为更精确的记录、保存、研究及展示考古发掘资科提供了新方法,在考古发掘工作中使用前最广泛。     

利用高精度计算机断层扫描系统重建青铜器香薰的三维模型

为重建馆藏青铜器香薰三维模型和研究其制造工艺,利用高精度计算机断层扫描系统进行数字成像(DR)和锥束扫描(CT)两种方式扫描香熏,获得其灰度图像,经过图形图像处理,获取表面轮廓三维数据。表面定义和提取后,将数据输入逆向工程软件系统,重建香熏的三维CAD模型。结果表明,获得的点云数据密集均匀,未见扫描盲区;发现香熏存在焊孔和变形;逆向三维重建的香熏CAD模型具有良好的几何相似性。研究提示,高精度计算机断层扫描方法空间分辨率高,精确度高,可以作为一种获取青铜器三维数据的可靠方法。