‘Popular demands do not fit in ballot boxes’: graffiti as intangible heritage at the Iglesia de San Francisco,Santiago?

Contemporary practices and conflicts of cultural heritage preservation reflect shifting conceptions of what heritage is and what it should conserve. As such, the traditional notion of graffiti upon national monuments is currently being called into question, and within the context of this debate, this study argues that the emerging framework of intangible heritage is a useful model for reconsidering graffiti at heritage sites. Arguments for such graffiti as intangible heritage are particularly strong when it can be shown to function as a societal mirror that reflects political climates and protest activities. Such graffiti poses tensions between traditional theories and practices of heritage preservation, in which these markings are seen to interrupt conservation, and emerging inclusive models such that view these works as relevant layers of a site’s history. Within this context, we explore the case of the political graffiti on the north wall of a historical monument, the Iglesia de San Francisco in Santiago, Chile, through the lens of the emerging field of intangible heritage.     

Ruins about Merj Hîn in Subalpine Lebanon

Abstract

An attentive examination of the impressive finds of the mausoleum uncovered in 2007 in Herodium has demonstrated that these are not in accord with the characteristics of Herodian architecture as postulated by the late Prof. Ehud Netzer. The following four arguments show that this monument, which was indeed built by Herod, did not serve as his eternal resting place: ? Its moderate dimensions.

? The absence of an appropriate gateway to the burial ground, and an adequate assembly space around the tomb.

? A stratigraphic argument: The stairway leading up to the palace-fortress on the hilltop leaves the mausoleum ‘in its shade’, being also overlaid on top of the single irrigation pool that served the small garden that had surrounded the tomb.

? The absence of any correspondence between the axis of symmetry of the mausoleum, and that of Greater Herodium, indicating that these two were entirely different building projects.

Two alternative proposals are presented for the possible locations of the tomb, which might have disappeared.     

清漪园宗教建筑初探

清漪园宗教建筑系指园内的寺庙、祠院以及各种以宗教崇拜为主要功能的单体建筑,它们遍布园内各处,在清漪园中占有非常重要的地位。本文对清漪园宗教建筑的分布、存毁、沿革、内容、性质和特征等进行了较为系统的探索和考察,指出宗教建筑占据着清漪园中建筑的很大比重,并以佛教建筑为主,具有多神、多崇拜的特征,这些建筑大部分在咸丰十年(1860年)英法联军焚园时被毁,现存者多为光绪年间重建。此外,作者还指出,清漪园内出现众多的宗教建筑,既是景观的需要,又是政治信仰的需要,也是由当时特殊的社会历史背景和政治军事形势决定的。     

Archaeoastronomy in the Ancient Americas

Since its popular resurgence in the 1960s, the interdisciplinary field of archaeoastronomy, which seeks evidence from the written as well as the unwritten record to shed light on the nature and practice of astronomy and timekeeping in ancient civilizations, has made ever-increasing significant use of the archaeological record. This essay briefly touches on the origin and history of these developments, discusses the methodology of archaeoastronomy, and assesses its contributions via the discussion of selected case studies at sites in North, South, and Mesoamerica. Specifically, archaeology contributes significantly to clarifying the role of sky events in site planning. The rigorous repetition of axial alignments of sites and individual oddly shaped and/or oriented structures can be related to alterations in the calendar often initiated by cross-cultural contact.Together with evidence acquired from other forms of the ancient record, archaeology also helps clarify the relationship between functional and symbolic astronomical knowledge. In state-level societies, it offers graphic evidence that structures that served as chronographic markers also functioned as performative stages for seasonally timed rituals mandated by cosmic connections claimed by the rulership.     

转型期银川市建筑景观伊斯兰化的空间格局及其驱动机制

转型期,中国回族聚居区城市物质景观的伊斯兰化过程是文化建设、消费的新导向。对城市建筑景观伊斯兰化的探究,有利于剖析城市发展转型中景观文化的地方竞争策略与机制。以银川市为例,利用实地考察、深度访谈获取原始资料,尝试探讨1980-2015 年建筑景观伊斯兰化的空间格局及其驱动机制。结果表明,银川市建筑景观的伊斯兰式风格在逐步强化,伊斯兰式建筑类型趋于多元化,空间上呈现由“单核心区”向“多核心区”的格局演变模式,这主要是不同层级权力与社会阶层相互合作与博弈的结果。     

Thorium-230 coral chronology of a late prehistoric Hawaiian chiefdom

Documenting the history of settlement in Hawaii during the last few centuries before European contact, is crucial to charting the evolution of the most complex chiefdom in Polynesia. It is precisely this period that Hawaii, and many Polynesian societies, underwent their most rapid changes in political, economic and social organisation. The last ∼500 to 300 years in the ¹⁴C calibration curve is problematic with wide fluctuations often rendering large age spans that do not precisely date single events, especially troubling with a culture-historical record of ∼1000 years duration. Here we present an extremely high precision ²³⁰Th chronology for archaeologically constrained coral samples from a range of occupancy sites. Our high precision dates allow the time of site use to be clearly demonstrated. They also provide the first dates for habitation sites in Hawaii that clearly show contemporaneous occupation—the major problem in settlement pattern archaeology. We demonstrate that two sites were occupied within the same year. Our refined chronology, provides new and exciting opportunities for tracking sociopolitical and economic developments during the last few centuries—the crucial period in the evolution and transformation of Polynesian societies.     

浅析古建筑中以空间处理为中心的陈列艺术

在古建筑中布置现代陈列,目前尚无成熟的模式可以遵循。结合实例研究可知,这类陈列在实际操作中会表现出以空间艺术处理为中心的通常格局,原建筑的室内面积与展线不仅需要经过不同常规的弹性划分,还需适当地借鉴古建筑的造型元素及相关文物器物元素,以求营造出情景交融的现代陈列新意境。而场景创设则时常能够成为盘活陈列和显示设计个性的最灵活、最适宜的选择。     

Dis-embedded centers and architecture of power in the fringes of the Inka empire: New perspectives on territorial and hegemonic strategies of domination

Empires were expansive polities based on the extraction of resources and economic surplus from subdued territories and people through a range of strategies of domination. Based on research on Oroncota in the Southeastern Inka region, this article presents evidence from architecture, settlement shifts, storage capacity and artifacts distribution, to illustrate the mechanics of dis-embedded Inka imperial centers. As an alternative form of control in the territorial and hegemonic spectrum, this research focuses on the nature and evolution of Inka dis-embedded centers as an alternative form of provincial control based on the use of architecture of power.     

燕王府位置新考

燕王府位置因与元明之际宫殿的营建相关,因而成为备受学者关注的问题。关于这一问题,历来有燕王府沿用元大内正殿与沿用元代西内两种观点。本文在对明初王府建筑制度特征进行深入研究的基础上,论证了燕王府的建筑制度的特殊性及其与元代宫殿制度的关联,认为燕王府当沿用了元大内的正殿,并以永乐朝北京宫殿营建过程中的历史事件为旁证,进一步论证了燕王府用元大内正殿的可能性。