几枚传世花纹钢剑的初步考察

本文主要介绍了数枚传世花纹钢剑的外部形态和花纹特征,并对其制作年代作了一些推测.这些剑的基本特点是表面带有自然花纹和难锈难蚀.花纹的基本形态有旋罗纹、半罗纹、斗箕纹、组丝纹、搅丝纹等;花纹的颜色有金黄色、银白色、浅灰色、褐黄色等.从多方面情况推测,它们很可能是元代生产的,最初的主人应是直接掌管花纹钢生产的政府官员.其中的许多工艺今已失传.类似的花纹钢剑以往尚未见于报道,国内学者的有关研究亦鲜.     

司马迁写西汉官场风气

写官场风气 ,是司马迁“通古今之变”的一个重要组成部分 ;写西汉官风 ,尤为司马迁关心当代社会的一个重要表现。他写了当代官场从谀、贪酷、醇谨、疑忌等四种风气 ,认为这些风气的源头是封建君主。他写了当时的顶风派 ,但觉得顶风艰难不易。     

明代祖皇二陵石刻上的龙纹

明皇陵的龙纹元代遗风浓郁,祖陵的龙纹已展示出新的风貌。作为皇家陵墓石刻内容,祖皇二陵的石刻水平代表了当时的上层审美情趣,并对同时期的竹、木、牙、玉、金属、陶瓷等工艺品上的龙纹装饰影响颇深。     

商代盘龙城遗址杨家湾十三号墓清理简报

商代盘龙城遗址杨家湾13号墓于2001年下半年进行了抢救性的清理发掘,虽然该墓遭到了严重破坏,但仍出土了精美的青铜器、玉器、板灰痕、松绿石饰,发现了头坑和足坑并各坑殉狗一只。它是目前盘龙城遗址发掘清理的大型墓葬之一,对研究盘龙城遗址商代墓葬的分布情况、形制与结构、等级制度等提供了重要佐证,对于研究长江流域的商文化具有重要意义。     

The Bruce dynasty,Becket and Scottish pilgrimage to Canterbury, c.1178-c.1404

This paper seeks to question the assumption that the outbreak of prolonged Anglo-Scottish war in 1296 brought an abrupt decline in Scottish interest in St Thomas, his shrine at Canterbury and the great abbey dedicated to him in Scotland at Arbroath. A survey of Scottish devotion to Becket after 1296 reveals that in fact the interest of the monarchy and certain sections of Scottish society intensified. For the two Bruce kings, devotion to Becket developed a double importance although in very different political contexts. For Robert I (1306-29) St Thomas, Canterbury and Arbroath served as both a focus of personal faith and of strategic observances in the struggle against England. However, for David II (1329-71), captured in battle against England in 1346, such observances also became a central feature of attempts to persuade his subjects of the value of closer Anglo-Scottish relations: David's reign was marked by a surge in pilgrimage to Canterbury by Scottish royals, nobles, clerics and ordinary lay folk. Had David lived longer and/or produced a Bruce heir, continued Scottish devotion to Becket might have formed the basis of far more amicable Anglo-Scottish relations than would be the norm under Stewart kings of Scots after 1371.     

试论晚清诸子学的兴起

明清之际,诸子学已经受到一些学者的关注,出现了萌发的迹象。晚清时期,随着中国社会发生的巨大变化,诸子学的复兴成为不可逆转之势。维新运动兴起之前,部分耆学宿儒承清初诸子学复萌之余绪,本着乾嘉汉学的研究路数,初步性地开展关于诸子学的研究,对于诸子典籍的校勘、辑佚、考证、注释,侧重于技术性的整理,为诸子学在晚清的兴起付出了积极的努力。戊戌维新思潮兴起以后,新派知识分子开始关注诸子学,使诸子学的研究在新的文化背景下开展起来。新派学者破除了“独尊儒术”的藩篱,扩大了学术眼界,把研究的重点转移到振兴祖国民族文化和探讨学术发展的内在规律性上面,提出许多有价值的学术见解,为民国年间中国现代学术事业的进一步发展打下了基础。     

Township/Village Administration from the Late Qing to the Warlord Period

In ancient China, formal government institutions stretched to the county level. This system witnessed a radical transformation during the late Qing and the Warlord period, with various types of township/village administrations mushrooming in many places across the country to meet the requirements of institutional reform and the demands for modernization in local regions. These township/village administrations can be divided into two types: one is the newborn township/village administration in the late Qing dynasty, and the other is the township/village or quasi-administration that evolved from the old localized Xiangdi (local administrative system). Functionally, the former can be further divided into two kinds, the monofunctional township/village administration, which might include education, or police and security, and the multifunctional administration. The latter falls into three categories: some were new-model administrations directly translated from the old rural Xiangdi system; some were subdivisions of the neonatal administration composed of the old local Xiangdi system; and still, others basically reserved the intrinsic property and function of the old Xiangdi system. As political entities, township/village administrations of this era can be further differentiated into those bordering on “self-government” and those lingering under “the official system.” Township/village administration at this time mostly consisted of a standing body, with their personnel, who enjoyed the status of professional civil servants, set up by legal proceedings. Government outlay was sponsored by public finance or tax income, and it assumed all kinds of modern administrative functions, basically of a modern character. Meanwhile, of course, it retained much of its traditional flavor in actual operation. All in all, the birth of this form of township/village administration constituted an important dimension of the modernization of China’s local administration system. Translated from Beijing Normal University Journal (Social Sciences), Vol. 2, 2004, by Sun Yue     

Rise and fall of Kantu: A historical study of an ancient Tibeto-Burmese speaking group

On the basis of Chinese records and previous academic achievements in and outside China, the author makes a deeper study on the history of Kantu. As an ancient Tibeto-Burmese speaking group, Kantu was likely to have developed from the Qiongdu (Kontu) of Xinan yi (ancient ethnic groups in southwestern China). During the 12^th–13^th centuries, the Kantu group resided in an extensive area expanding from the border area between present Sichuan and Yunnan provinces of China to Burma. In the late 13^th century, the Yuan troops occupied the area of Kantu. Since then, there have been no more record about Kantu in Chinese annals, and they were likely merged into the groups of “Luoluo” (Lolo). In Burma, most of the Kantu people had been merged into the local peoples, with only a few remaining in remote mountain forests of northern Burma and still keeping their own name and customs. Thus, these people are just the living sources for our studies on ancient Kantu. __________ Translated from Minzu yanjiu (Ethno National Studies), 2004: 1     

A Historical and Jurisprudential Analysis of Suzerain-Vassal State Relationships in the Qing Dynasty

Studies of suzerain-vassal state relationships in the Qing dynasty have been a focus of domestic and overseas academic circles. This paper examines the origins, semiotics, and legal principles of suzerain-vassal state relationships in the Qing dynasty with some innovative viewpoints. Translated from Studies in Qing History, No. 1, 2004     

广西博物馆汉代铁器修复保护研究

广西博物馆收藏有数量众多的一、二、三级汉代铁器文物,这些铁器由于受到出土前的埋藏环境、文物入库前保护处理不当以及文物库房保存环境等因素影响,产生了严重的腐蚀病害。为了延长这些汉代铁器文物的寿命,减少其腐蚀损毁,本工作采用金相及矿相显微分析、扫描电镜分析、电子探针表面微区分析以及X射线衍射分析和X射线荧光光谱分析等方法对部分铁器进行了综合分析。根据分析结果,确定采用7.5%的EDTA二钠溶液清洗器物表面污垢和锈斑,用3.8%和2.4%的倍半碳酸钠溶液浸泡以去除氯离子,用铁粉 AB快速加固环氧胶 矿物颜料加固修复,用100g乙醇 1g苯并三氮唑 4g聚乙烯醇缩丁醛作封护剂等方法进行修复保护。实验结果表明,对汉代铁器的修复保护取得了良好效果。