General Resolution of the Third Congress of the Geographical Society of the USSR

Calorimetric measurements show that the amount of energy accumulated in the organic matter of a semidesert community of Azerbaydzhan ranges from 3663 to 5754 calories per gram of dry mass. Under semidesert conditions only 1 to 3 percent of incoming light energy is accumulated in the mass of a plant community. This agrees with similar determinations of the accumulation of energy in a forest community (Ovington and Heitcamp, 1960). Empirical formulas are used to compute the energy accumulated in one gram of plant mass of an entire community and to calculate the level of use of radiation energy (the share of energy accumulated in plant matter plus the energy used to evaporate). The results agree fairly well with data derived by other techniques.     

城市化空间增长上限确定的研究综述

本文从概念、理论及因素等方面对目前在城市化空间增长约束作用的特征进行了梳理,认为目前的研究存在着区域宏观尺度的把握较少、因素集成分析较少、缺乏直接针对城市用地本身与其他因素的相关关系分析等不足。笔者认为从约束角度开展对城市化空间增长上限的研究工作,关键是如何确定区域水资源安全容量、粮食安全下的耕地最小规模、可恢复条件下生态空间的最小规模或城市生产生活所需的最小生态空间规模等阈值,并提出城市化空间增长上限确定的方法和途径。     

大城市旅游结构性增长的驱动力——基于广州和西安的比较研究

以广州和西安两个省会大城市为例,通过比较广州和西安旅游人数和旅游收入的增长差异,指出广州城市旅游呈现显著的结构性增长,而西安城市旅游的结构性增长不明显。进一步基于层次与等级的旅游供给分析框架,解释大城市旅游结构性增长的驱动力。研究表明,城市功能和地位的提升是大城市旅游的结构性增长的主导驱动力。大城市要实现旅游的结构性增长,要重点提升旅游相关的城市功能和地位,如政治、文化、现代服务业、交通、商业和城市接待功能等,并配合旅游核心要素的建设以及旅游主题和特色的营造。结构性增长是判断大城市旅游发展效率的重要指标,也是指导大城市旅游发展的重要参照。     

基于包容性增长的健康城市化支持系统研究

中国已经进入城市社会,高速推进的城市化面临许多突出问题,走健康城市化道路已成为中国今后推进城市化进程的必然选择。包容性增长概念的提出,赋予城市化新的内涵,如何在新形势下通过包容性增长推进城市化健康发展已成为政策要点。本文在厘清健康城市化与包容性增长理论的基础上,指出包容性增长是推进健康城市化的重要机制,以包容性增长为出发点,根据"承载力-支持力-吸引力-延续力-发展力"(CSAED)模型,构建了涵盖资源与环境包容性改善、经济包容性增长、社会民生包容性发展、人口质量包容性提升、政策与制度包容性调整5个方面的健康城市化支持体系。通过建立基于包容性增长的健康城市化支持体系,可以指导和促进我国城市化健康发展。     

基于时变参数模型的中国房地产投资研究

房地产投资能够直接带动国民经济增长,但发展过快也会给经济带来负效应,协调好房地产投资与国民经济发展的关系尤为重要。本文首先综述国内外相关研究成果,发现现有定量研究无法真实反映房地产业本身结构的变化;其次,建立时变参数模型,对房地产投资与国民经济发展之间的关系进行了实证研究;最后得出研究结论和政策建议。本文的研究结论:一是房地产投资对GDP拉动作用显著;二是房地产投资受GDP、国内银行贷款以及利率的影响各不相同。与现有研究文献相比较,本文在研究视角和方法上均有-定的突破。     

中国居民消费增长波动多尺度变化及趋势研究

采用经验模态分解(EMD)方法对1953-2009年中国居民消费增长率波动进行分解,得到其IMF分量及趋势分量RES,运用方差贡献率及相关性检验其周期变化,并利用Mann-Kendall非参数统计检验方法对增长趋势进行研究。结果表明:中国居民消费增长波动存在3年、8年和12.4年的准周期,以准8年周期为主,准3年周期次之;56年来居民消费呈波动增长趋势,1978年是其突变点,当年对外开放政策的提出极大促进了居民消费增长,1983年居民消费增长率超过临界直线,此后呈显著上升趋势。经济因素、居民收入水平和消费结构是影响中国居民消费增长波动的主要因素。     

Urban evolution in the USA

On a sustained basis, cities are of non-uniform relative sizes.This paper addresses three basic issues which arise from thissimple observation by examining the size distribution of UScities over the period 1900–1990. First, we explore thereasons why there is a wide distribution of city sizes. Second,we characterize the evolution of the size distribution of cities,documenting growth in sizes and numbers of cities. We ask whetherthe relative size distribution of cities has remained stableover time, or if it has displayed, instead, a tendency to collapse,flatten, or otherwise change its shape. We also examine evidenceon whether the size distribution obeys Zipf's Law. Third, weexamine the degree and determinants of mobility of individualcities within this distribution, asking to what extent citiesare moving up and down in the distribution and how this movementis influenced by cities' geographic characteristics. We usea newly constructed data with consistent metropolitan area definitionsover this century, discussing the issues and linking our resultsto the relevant literature.     

The production technology of Egyptian blue and green frits from second millennium BC Egypt and Mesopotamia

The microstructures and chemical compositions of some 55 Egyptian blue and green frit samples from New Kingdom Egypt and 15th century BC Mesopotamia are determined using analytical scanning electron microscopy, the main focus being on frit cakes, powder residues, and frit vessel and bead fragments from one of the “factory areas” at Amarna in Middle Egypt. Replicate Egyptian blue frits produced in the laboratory are similarly investigated. Comparison of the microstructures of the ancient and replicate samples suggest that frit cakes are the primary product, and that these were ground to produce the powder, and then moulded to shape and refired to produce the vessels and beads. Egyptian blue and green frits are shown to be distinct pigments, the pigment produced depending on the relative proportions of copper oxide and lime in the mixtures. The bulk and glass phase compositions are used to try to infer the different sources of the quartz, lime, copper and alkali flux used in the production of frits from Egypt and Mesopotamia. An estimate is made of the scale of production of Egyptian blue frit in New Kingdom Egypt.     

T.H. Green, advanced liberalism and the reform question 1865–1876

This paper examines Thomas Hill Green's changing attitude to the Reform Question between 1865 and 1876. Section 1 sketches the Radical landscape against which Green advocated reform between 1866 and 1867, paying particular attention to the respective positions of Gladstone, J.S. Mill and Bright on the relationship between responsible citizenship and class membership. Section 2 examines Green's theories of social balance and responsible citizenship at the time of his lectures on the English Civil War. Section 3 argues that, contrary to the established scholarship, Green's Radicalism was closer to Bright than to Gladstone and Mill during this period. Section 4 counters Richter's claim that Green abandoned democracy following the 1874 General Election, while arguing that even sympathetic commentators misunderstand Green's attitude to the Reform Question immediately after this date.