Commentary. The Diseases of Alexander the Great

The accompanying articles that speculate that Alexander the Great had a traumatic carotid dissection or congenital cervical scoliosis demonstrate the difficulties in retrospective diagnosis as a historical enterprise. The extant primary sources were written centuries after Alexander’s death and are ambiguous in their original languages, and even more so in translation. Thus we cannot be certain what illness Alexander actually had. Furthermore, anachronistic diagnosis removes Alexander from the medical context of this time, telling us little of historical significance about him. Such investigations also illustrate the more general limits that the absence of context imposes on the study of ancient history.     

我读天下无字书——世界视野与立足本土

根据自己在国外求学的经历,介绍几位西方左派知识分子感人的作为。马若德、丹尼尔.贝尔、本.哈罗德都是全世界在他们那个领域里面最著名、有的甚至可称之为最伟大的学者。这些学者治学、为人的方方面面,可以让大家了解西方意义上的左派优秀知识分子。同时,以自己出生于中国三代贫民家庭的孩子,能够有机会在改革开放之初,通过教育扶贫的政策,一步一步走向世界最好的大学,有机会在全世界最伟大的思想家和大学者的身边学习的经历,说明最穷困的地区的孩子翻身,可以通过读书而不是造反去实现。期待通过教育扶贫的方式,改变贫困地区孩子的命运。     

The Greek-Albanian Archaeological Project on Maligrad: Shaping the Cultural Heritage in the Tri-National Zone of the Great Prespa Lake

Abstract

This paper aims to analyse the collaboration of the Greek-Albanian Archaeological Expedition with the local community of the tri-national district (FYROM-Greece-Albania) of the Great Prespa Lake, in South-eastern Albania, conducted by the Institute for the Transbalkanic Cultural Cooperation (Greece) and the Institute of Archaeology of Tirana (Albania). It is argued that local cultural heritage, including the heritage of the archaeological past, can play a significant reconciliatory role in an extremely delicate national and environmental landscape throughout the work of all the bipolar participants: locals and ‘foreign experts’.     

The social selectivity of migration flows affecting Britain's larger conurbations: An analysis of the 1991 census regional migration tables

Little is known about the social composition of migration affecting British cities, despite the currently high political salience of this issue. This is principally because of the very limited availability of reliable city‐scale data on such migrant characteristics as occupation and income. This paper uses the Regional Migration Tables from the 1991 Census to document the migration of labour force members to and from Britain's larger conurbations, distinguishing six main Social Groups defined on the basis of occupation. It is found that all eight areas were net losers of economically active people, that all six Social Groups were generally contributing to these net losses and that, in every case except London, there was a strong positive relationship between social status and the rate of net out‐migration to the rest of Britain. This latter case suggests the need for further work, which would benefit from the more detailed migration datasets that are promised from the 2001 Census.     

蒙古汗国与元朝关系的考察

本文认为 ,蒙古汗国是在兼并草原诸部的基础上 ,按游牧民族传统建立起来的 ,具有浓厚的家产制政治特点。这体现在国家分封制结构和汗位继承方式上。忽必烈虽然打败了阿里不哥 ,但作为全蒙古大汗 ,他的地位并没有得到全体宗亲的承认 ,拖雷系与窝阔台系以及拖雷系内部的阿里不哥裔、蒙哥裔、忽必烈裔之间此伏彼起的斗争 ,也说明蒙古汗国分裂的事实。进而认为 ,元朝是从蒙古汗国分裂出来并经过扩张后建立的国家 ,与西方蒙古四大汗国建构历程相似。四大汗国与元朝并无宗藩从属关系。     

温故求新:促进大遗址保护的科学发展——大遗址保护思路再探

新中国成立后,特别是改革开放以来,我国的大遗址保护事业持续稳步发展:概念逐渐明确,队伍不断壮大,制度日臻完善,工作趋于主动,考古学及多学科合作的作用切实加强。在此基础上,对全国大遗址保护研究展示的现代化体系和地区的建设作进一步研究,必将促进大遗址保护事业的科学发展。     

毛泽东论中国大革命胜利考析 --兼论对陈独秀的历史评价

对于中国大革命,人们历来认为它是失败的.毛泽东却在不少文章和讲话中谈到大革命(毛泽东习惯上称为北伐战争)的胜利,这给了我们评价大革命以新的启示和思考.过去所谓大革命的失败,通常是指蒋介石、汪精卫叛变革命、屠杀人民,进而又使北伐剩下奉系军阀残余势力未能最后消灭.其实这不能界定为大革命的失败:因为蒋、汪不是大革命的目标,北洋军阀才是这次革命的对象,北洋军阀不久就彻底覆灭,北伐(大革命)本身是胜利的,消灭蒋介石国民党反动政权已叫土地革命战争了.过去把胜利了的大革命一直说成是失败,最主要原因当是大革命时的中共主要领导人陈独秀长期受到批判和不公正待遇.现在随着对陈独秀的客观公正评价,应把对大革命的错误结论矫正过来.     

20世纪30年代的美国妇女研究述评

在过去几十年中,美国史学界对20世纪30年代的美国妇女历史的研究,在妇女应对危机、妇女与就业、妇女与社会保障、女性主义和妇女组织等方面均取得了一定的成果。目前,中国史学界关于20世纪30年代美国妇女的研究尚属空白。     

Rocks are heavy: transport costs and Paleoarchaic quarry behavior in the Great Basin

Central place foraging models are used to investigate assemblage variability at two Paleoarchaic (terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene) dacite quarries in the central and eastern Great Basin. Our analyses focus specifically on biface reduction and how varying degrees of reduction relate to the costs of transporting the resulting products upon departing the quarry. Our results suggest that when the distance to be traveled to a residential base is great, reduction will proceed further at the quarry than if the residential base is fairly close. Further, a residential site assemblage will consist of bifaces at later stages of reduction than its associated quarry.     

Reassessing the northern limit of maize consumption in North America: stable isotope,plant microfossil,and trace element content of carbonized food residue

In combination, the analysis of carbonized food residue for stable C and N isotopes, elemental composition, and plant microfossils (phytoliths and starch granules) offers a powerful tool for understanding patterns of prehistoric maize (Zea mays) consumption in small-scale societies. Using this approach, we conclude that maize was more widely consumed in North America than previously suspected. Between ∼AD 700 and 1600, despite little or no archaeological evidence of gardening, corn was a widespread component of diet on the eastern Canadian prairies. This pattern, furthermore, extended into the adjacent boreal forest at about the same time. However, carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) values on food residue samples vary widely, suggesting significant overall dietary differences from one region to the next. Analysis of a subset of residue samples for elemental composition (using ICP-OES [inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry]) may help identify broad trends in the provenience of foods consumed at these sites.