Defining and Characterizing Archaeological Quartzite: Sedimentary and Metamorphic Processes in the Lithic Assemblages of El Habario and El Arteu (Cantabrian Mountains,Northern Spain)

Quartzite was the second most‐often used lithic raw material in Europe in the Palaeolithic. However, this rock has not been characterized fully from the geo‐archaeological point of view. This study characterizes, defines and determines types of quartzite in northern Spain through a methodology that integrates petrography, digital image processing and X‐ray fluorescence. As a methodological foundation for the characterization of the material, it aims to open the possibility of discovering mechanisms of mobility, selection and management of quartzite by prehistoric societies. The types determined, based on the petrogenesis of the material, enable a better understanding of the archaeological sites of El Arteu and El Habario in the context of northern Spain in the Middle Palaeolithic.     

国内外旅游解说研究进展

旅游解说是旅游景区服务设施的重要组成部分,但相关研究滞后于实践发展。基于国内外关于旅游解说文献资料的整理分析,认为现有的研究集中于概念辨析、解说媒介、案例规划设计、解说系统评估、新兴旅游方式解说、多学科理论引入等方面。同时从研究内容、研究理论、数据来源、分析方法方面对比了国内外旅游解说研究的异同。最后提出国内旅游解说未来重点的研究内容,以及在研究方法上可借鉴国际研究,采用更多定量定性方法结合使研究成果更加丰富。     

浅淡中国古代金属货币的制造加工技术

本文通过对古代范铸技术铸钱的研究,提出了古代铸钱工艺是采取了多种铸造技术。通过采用砂型工艺铸钱的实践,提出了秦代也可能采用过砂型铸钱工艺。通过对出土文物的研究,证明圆形方孔钱的铸后加工技术,早在汉代就已经形成了规范的加工方法。     

西安凤栖原家族墓出土漆箱外形数字化复原研究

西汉漆器具有较高的艺术、历史以及社会价值,但考古发掘出土的器物多因长时间埋藏而严重变形,漆器的结构与纹饰的低畸变获取非常困难,直接影响到漆器的原真性复原。为此,本研究以西安凤栖原张安世家族墓葬群中的大型漆箱为研究对象,利用三维扫描、多角度二维拍照、实体非接触测量等多种数字化技术方法,通过多技术手段的交叉、融合和比较印正,成功获得了西汉漆箱及纹饰的规格与形状,为高度形变出土漆器的原真性复原奠定了基础。     

Exploring the Factors for Budget Stability and Punctuations: A Preliminary Analysis of State Government Sub-Functional Expenditures

Disproportionate information processing theory asserts that sudden, dramatic changes punctuate otherwise stable growth patterns in U.S. policy and budget processes. The present paper uses state government sub-functional expenditures to explore what factors cause budget stability and punctuations. First, the findings in the present paper generally confirm the observations made in other studies that distributions of governmental budgets are Paretian. Second, while future research is warranted to identify more specific causes, this preliminary analysis suggests that institutional frictions and information oversupply tend to increase both budget stability and punctuations. It also suggests that availability of efficient information reduces budget stability but not necessarily budget punctuations. However, when examined at the level of different fund-type expenditures, which have differing degrees of institutional friction and availability of information that can be efficiently processed, more subtle and distinguishable differences in patterns of budget stability and punctuations emerge, which was not accounted for in disproportionate information processing theory.     

Bias in Fish Bone Recovery from Differential Collection Techniques and Its Impact on Cultural Interpretation in California

ABSTRACT

While studies on recovery bias are numerous in the literature, the current research focuses on defining best practices in field collection techniques to provide a more accurate representative of site constituents, particularly fish remains. Methods to determine best practices included use of 1/4-inch, 1/8-inch, and 1/16-inch mesh to process excavated material from 10 × 10?cm and 40 × 40 cm-sized bulk column samples and from a 1 × 1 m test unit. Fish remains were compared to determine density and diversity differences between the samples and how these different data sets may impact cultural interpretations. This research shows that while collection of larger column samples processed using a smaller mesh size provides a more robust data set, the taxonomic richness present in a 1 × 1 m test unit provides complimentary data that are critical to understanding subsistence trends as a whole.     

A proof of concept demonstration of the automated laser removal of rock from a fossil using 3D X-ray tomography data

Laser removal of rock from around a fossil using 3D data was demonstrated was the first time. This proof of concept combines the power of two technologies: X-ray micro-computed tomography scanning and programmable scanning laser ablation. This simple demonstration holds promise for the semi-automated and entirely safe laser removal of bulk material from around precious fossils.     

Budgetary Punctuations: A Fiscal Management Perspective

Although the development of punctuated equilibrium theory makes broad reference to the bureaucratic procedures that regulate budgetary decision making and makes reasonable assumptions about the influence of those procedures on the dynamic of resource allocation, little is known about how the specific mechanisms work. This has led to a call to understand the processes that cause friction in greater detail. This study examines how budgetary output patterns may be influenced by governments' strategic fiscal choices. Using an approach that highlights the roles of various fiscal policy-making processes, we found significant deviations of budgetary output patterns in capital projects, restricted funds, and entitlement spending, thus signifying the influence of fiscal practices on resource allocation decisions. We further examined how fiscal influences may be realized in the political process of democratization in Hong Kong. By examining legislative filibuster cases related to capital projects, we found evidence associating democratization with greater institutional friction and consequently with larger budgetary output punctuations.     

红外成象技术在文物中的应用

建立了一套CCD红外摄像系统,可用于文物中模糊图象的识读。