从营销环境看近代中国第一个铁厂的破产

洋务运动时期,贵州当地政府在镇远创办了中国最早的近代化重工业企业——青溪铁厂。然而,由于营销环境的缺失,青溪铁厂创办不久即以失败告终。     

唐至元代墓葬中出土的铁牛铁猪

铁牛、铁猪出现在两京地区的晚唐墓葬中,在墓葬中的位置一般是墓室的“丑亥”二位。而宋元墓葬中出土的形制、数量、位置以及出现区域发生了一些变化。在此基础上,本文结合文献论述了铁牛、铁猪的“压胜”性质和镇墓、驱邪作用。     

故宫室外铁质文物封护剂评价方法研究

封护材料对于保护铁质文物具有重要意义。本工作以灵沼轩建筑钢板锈层为参照点,将实验基体表面状态分为:无锈光洁表面,喷砂除锈表面,锈蚀未处理表面。对不同表面的试样封护处理后进行实验室加速腐蚀老化,对其保护效果进行评价研究。研究结果表明:初步建立的一套封护剂工艺流程评价体系可以综合地、全面地、定量地区分铁质文物表面封护剂耐久性、防护性能的优劣;利用初步建立的评价体系,对有关厂家为故宫灵沼轩提供的三种封护剂氟橡胶(GA)、氟硅橡胶(有机硅涂覆试样后再涂覆硅橡胶)(GB)和氟硅橡胶(单宁酸擦洗试样后涂覆氟硅橡胶)(GC)进行筛选,在第二阶段客观地评价出GB的防护性能明显优于GC和GA的防护性能,但GB封护剂的应用还有待下一阶段的检测。封护剂保护的光洁表面、喷砂表面和锈蚀表面状态试样经腐蚀老化后得到的实验结果差别很大,三种表面状态的选择对于封护剂的综合评价都是必要的。光洁表面状态的试样可以客观地呈现出封护剂的评价结果,同时带锈的表面状态,也接近于文物的真实情况。     

战国秦汉时期制铁耐火材料的矿物组织与含量分析

战国秦汉时期是中国古代生铁与生铁制钢技术体系的发端与形成期,制铁耐火材料为发达的生铁与生铁制钢技术体系提供了结构、化学、热性能上的技术保障,具有重要的作用。但目前制铁耐火材料的研究较少,影响了对中国古代钢铁技术的全面认识。本研究对战国秦汉时期出土的制铁耐火材料开展了文献、田野考察和矿相分析,科学认知其微观结构,认为战国秦汉时期制铁耐火材料以黏土质材料为主,使用了砂质材料,但尚未出现砂泥混合质材料。同时,炉壁、铸铁范、鼓风管之间的矿物显微组织和含量差异较大,表明战国秦汉时期工匠已能根据性能需求的不同制作不同的耐火材料用于不同的制铁生产环节。     

First results of metallographic analysis and absolute dating of iron finds from Nowe Brzesko,site 26, Proszowice District

This paper presents the results of analyses of metal artefacts discovered at a multiphase site in Nowe Brzesko, Małopolskie Voivodeship, Poland. Fieldwalking prospection led to the discovery of steely iron objects, ploughed out on the site among other numerous archeological finds. A prospecting sondage yielded more corroded metal artefacts, identified mainly as agricultural tools (e.g. sickles, scythes). These chronologically nondistinctive artefacts could be assigned to the third to fourth century AD using radiocarbon dating, complemented by metallurgical analysis. The results open up new research perspectives on the economy and society of the Przeworsk culture in the Late Roman period.     

Characterization and Joining of an Historical Ferrous Tie-Rod

A ferrous tie rod, which was retrieved from a 17^th century masonry building, has been examined. The chemical composition and the microstructure of the tie-rod are consistent with the technology of the time.

The tie-rod was successfully welded to modern steel profiles, by means of gas metal arc welding, in order to verify if this method could be applied for restoration works. Threading tests were also successfully performed, for the same purpose.

Both the original tie-rod, and the welded specimens were thoroughly characterized with both metallurgical and mechanical methods; moreover, full-scale tensile tests were performed on both welded and threaded samples.     

古代钢铁制品夹杂物研究述评

现代钢铁冶炼流程中“夹杂物”概念及应用对古代钢铁材料工艺研究提供了有力的支持,夹杂物分析研究成为冶铁考古研究中不可或缺的一部分。本文梳理了不同古代金属冶炼与加工工艺下夹杂物的来源,并对古代夹杂物的表征方法进行归纳,进一步将夹杂物分析在国内外冶铁考古中的应用进行评述。西方学者的夹杂物研究侧重于以成分特征为主要对象进行定量统计分析,形成夹杂物判别产地来源方法；而我国学者则依靠定性判断方法建立起夹杂物辅助铁质文物工艺判别方法。当前古代钢铁制品夹杂物研究存在的问题主要为分析方法单一、对夹杂物包含信息的挖掘不够深入,今后可利用现代冶金分析手段从多方面了解古代钢铁制品夹杂物特征,为后续解决考古学问题打下基础。     

Botanical,malacological and archaeological zonation of settlement deposits at Gomolava

A 2 × 2 m column was excavated within the large-scale excavation carried out by a Jugoslav team at tell Gomolava, Hrtkovci, Jugoslavia, occupied from Vinc?a (c. 5000 BC) to post-Roman times. The archaeological zonation of the column's material is briefly outlined to provide the background to the detailed palaeobotanical, palynological and malacological study. The results of this study are used to aid the reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment of the tell. They indicate that the earliest agrobotanical zone, in which most of the cultigens were already present, but which is characterized by a very low count of charred seeds, persists throughout the Vinc?a, Baden and most of the Kostolac layers of the tell. A marked increase in charred seeds, without the appearance of new species, occurs in the next zone (Bronze and Iron Age). In zone 3 (Iron Age and Roman), Triticum dicoccum, Triticum aestivum and Lens culinaris attain significant levels.An interesting correlation between an increase in shade-loving snail species (zone B) and increase in building activity in the same level needs to be verified by further similar studies. This level is approximately that of the end of the Vinc?a occupation, but does not precisely correlate with an archaeological transition, suggesting that new building styles may have ante-dated the full development of the Baden cultural group on the site. During the third malaco zone (zone C) most shade loving snail species decrease abruptly to make place for open country species. The spread of these species could have been caused by the partial or total abandonment of the tell. Aquatic snails, which had first appeared in the lowest habitation layers of the tell become rare towards the subsequent bronze and iron age occupation of the tell, indicating that hardly any riverine clay was used for the construction of houses within these periods. The final malaco zone, representing the disturbed iron, roman and medieval periods indicates that again open grassy slopes must have occurred on or around the tell.     

‘The sword that was broken …’: The detection of recycled iron in the archaeological record

Although the recycling of materials such as copper and glass is widely known and generally well understood within archaeological contexts, far less is known about the recycling of iron. Iron recycling is more complex than that of other metals for two reasons. First, normal manufacturing processes, which include forging several components to make a composite object, offer the opportunity to include recycled iron. Second, the material itself is more complex than Cu alloys. The alloys of Fe, depending primarily on C content, are very different in terms of properties and can be interconverted by (normally) removing C such as decarburizing cast iron to make wrought iron. Thus, recycling practices are potentially intimately combined with such processes. These factors, combined with the poor preservation of archaeological iron and the consequent reluctance to carry out extensive studies (which often require destructive analysis via metallography), mean that there are no clear criteria for identifying recycled iron. However, limited historical documentation suggests, at least indirectly, that such recycling was common. This paper is neither comprehensive nor definitive, but merely intends to promote discussion and awareness of iron recycling by hypothesizing several possible mechanisms and providing a few illustrative archaeological examples.