古代钢铁制品中的浮凸组织初步研究

为研究钢铁制品中浮凸组织产生的原因,对14件取自不同地方、属于不同时期的具有浮凸组织的样品利用金相组织鉴定、扫描电镜能谱分析、化学分析和显微硬度测定等方法进行了研究。结果表明：金相组织观察发现浮凸组织与夹杂物和铁素体晶粒间界有一定的关系,并存在有不同的形貌,其显微硬度均比附近基体高;成分分析表明有浮凸组织的样品磷含量要比没有浮凸组织的样品磷含量高一个数量级。有浮凸组织样品内部磷含量的分布也不均匀。这些结果说明,浮凸组织的产生主要原因是矿石中的磷在冶炼过程中进入铁中,而在随后的脱碳退火、炒炼和冷、热加工过程中均不能有效地脱去;同时,固溶在铁中的磷与铁形成薄膜阻止晶粒间界长大、或在埋葬条件下长期时效引起的晶界移动而产生了浮凸组织。     

重庆万州大坪墓群出土文物的检测分析

采用自然科学手段,对重庆万州大坪墓群出土的部分青铜器、铁器、玉器样品进行了检测分析。结果显示青铜器样品均为铅锡青铜,铸造成形;铁器样品为亚共晶白口铸铁;玉器的主要矿物成分是透闪石。这一结果对了解大坪墓群的文化内涵和东周时本地居民的金属加工、玉器制作等手工业技术水平有一定意义。     

新郑市郑韩故城内近年发现的几座唐墓

2003年-2004年河南省文物考古研究所新郑工作站为配合基本建设在郑韩故城内抢救性发掘了一批古文化遗迹,其中清理的三座唐代墓葬出土有瓷器、三彩器、铁器、铜器等,器物造型精美,特别是出土的青瓷背壶和铁质鐎斗及支架在河南省内非常少见,为我们研究唐代文化提供了一份珍贵的资料。     

Metallurgical remains from regional surveys of “non-industrial” landscapes: The case of the Kythera Island Project

Abstract

This paper explores the potential of studying metallurgical remains recovered during regional surveys in the reconstruction of past metallurgical practices across a given landscape, using as a case study the relevant finds from the Kythera Island Project. The methodology developed includes macroscopic examination of all finds, evaluation of spatial distribution patterns, an assessment of local and regional ore resources, and microscopic and chemical analyses of selected samples. The study suggests that during the Classical period both small scale iron smelting and smithing were taking place in the surveyed Kythera landscape. The picture is less clear for other historical periods. Prehistoric metallurgical finds on the other hand are meager to nonexistent; a picture partly attributable to the scarcity of finds left behind by secondary non-ferrous metalworking.     

An Analytical Methodology for the Study of the Corrosion of Ferrous Archaeological Remains in Soils

Abstract

In the context of the cultural heritage, a methodology based on ?eld and laboratory approaches is developed for studying the long-term corrosion of iron. Moreover it has been adapted to the study of archaeological artefacts buried in anoxic soils in the speci?c case of in situ preservation. The environmental parameters are determined on the archaeological sites and artefacts are collected and characterized using complementary multi-scale techniques. Moreover, laboratory experiments are performed to locate the reaction sites inside the corrosion layer and to identify its electronic properties. The results allow estimation of a low corrosion rate for iron buried in an anoxic soil (under 2 μm/year) and the proposal of a mechanism based on a decoupling of the anodic and the cathodic sites. Then a diagnosis of the alteration state of the samples is established.     

Metal Ties in Genoa,Italy: Manufacture,Trade, and Use from the 15th to the 18th Century

The article deals with the use of metal ties in an ancient and stratified urban context, the city of Genoa, starting from the notarial documents preserved in its State Archives. The work has different objectives: to show the results that can be obtained, on an urban scale, thanks to a research path that compares indirect sources of different types with the observation of historical buildings; to highlight the “weight” and the role that the ties, often hidden, had in buildings, and not only the monumental ones; to increase knowledge of the production process of this constructive element. The wide and diversified use of metal ties found in Genoa seems to proceed in parallel, in the 15th century, with the development of a flourishing productive and mercantile business based on the commercial monopoly of the hematite of the island of Elba by the city oligarchy and, between the 16th and 17th centuries, with the huge investments in the construction sector highlighted by the abundant documentary sources.     

几枚传世花纹钢剑的初步考察

本文主要介绍了数枚传世花纹钢剑的外部形态和花纹特征,并对其制作年代作了一些推测.这些剑的基本特点是表面带有自然花纹和难锈难蚀.花纹的基本形态有旋罗纹、半罗纹、斗箕纹、组丝纹、搅丝纹等;花纹的颜色有金黄色、银白色、浅灰色、褐黄色等.从多方面情况推测,它们很可能是元代生产的,最初的主人应是直接掌管花纹钢生产的政府官员.其中的许多工艺今已失传.类似的花纹钢剑以往尚未见于报道,国内学者的有关研究亦鲜.     

汉代大铁官管理职官的再研究

本文通过对汉代铁官铭的系统研究,总结出铁官铭及职官的规律。同时根据铁官的省称与编号的规律,推论出未曾发现铁官铭的铁官作坊的职官形式,进而从具体作坊职官形式,推论汉代整个大铁官体系。     

Identification of surface dyeing agents of two bookbinding leathers from 19th-century Qajar,Iran, using LC–MS, μXRF and FTIR spectroscopy

Identifying tanning and dyeing agents of historical leathers is one of the less studied subjects. Therefore, this study aims to distinguish the surface dyeing agent of historical leathers along with the tanning agents. It helps to better understand the leather-making process of past centuries. For this purpose, two Iranian historical bookbinding leathers belonging to the Qajar era were investigated. The tannins were examined by ferric spot test and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy after being extracted from the leather corium layer. ATR-FTIR and μXRF spectroscopy were also used to study the characteristics of the leathers' surface, in both grain and corium layers. LC–MS was also used to analyze the extracts taken from the surface of the leather samples. The results showed the corium layer of leathers has a significant number of hydrolysable tannins, especially gallotannins, as tanning agents. The characteristics of their FTIR spectra are significantly similar to those of sumac. LC–MS results showed the presence of ellagic acid, as an indicator analyte, on the surface of the leathers. It indicates that tannin-rich plants, such as oak, have been used for dyeing these leathers. Investigation of the structural properties of the grain and corium layers also revealed the accumulation of copper and iron on the surface of the leathers. Accordingly, copper and iron, which reacted with tannins to give a black color, were the main dyeing factor used in both historical leather samples.     

有机-无机杂化物在铁质文物保护中的应用研究

常用的铁质文物表面保护材料性能尚需完善,其与材料科学发展的关系甚密。有机-无机杂化物是材料学领域的新兴产物,它能将有机物和无机物的性能融为一体或赋予其新的性能。本工作根据溶胶-凝胶法的基本原理制备出一种有机广无机杂化物MT,经过盐雾加速腐蚀测试、电化学测试等大量模拟、对比实验,证明该文物保护剂能够有效减缓铁质文物的腐蚀,并解释了其封护保护原理。