清代名臣方观承的惠政及其为官从政特点

清代名臣方观承除主要负责治理河渠外,也曾在社会慈善救济领域有较为显著的政绩,如在山东、直隶建立和完善义仓,在浙江关注育婴事业的发展,在直隶遍设留养局等。这些惠政不仅是其执行国家政令的表现,也是其关注民生,"实力办公"为官从政特点的体现。方观承的惠政及其成效说明地方官员执行国家政令要因地制宜,并尽量保持政策的持续性。     

Accommodation and Conflict: The Incorporation of Miao Territory and Construction of Cultural Difference during the High Qing Era1

Past studies of southwest Guizhou during the Qing dynasty tend to focus on the policy of “abolishment of the native chieftainships and extension of direct bureaucratic control” (gaitu guiliu) pursued under the Yongzheng emperor, and also to emphasize the correlation between state expansion and Miao revolts as a political process of institution building. Based on personal memoirs and ethnographic accounts of the Qing dynasty, this study focuses on the Qing incorporation of Miao territory (Miaojiang) in southeast Guizhou, where there were not even native chieftainships but only unorganized, or “raw,” Miao indigenes; it also examines the incorporation as an interactive process of cultural understanding and construction among the Yongzheng emperor, Governor-General Ortai, a group of local officials, represented by Zhang Guangsi and Fang Xian, and local Miao people, who had already interacted with Han migrants and started to seek the protection of the central government. The paper calls attention to the contribution of lower level Qing officials made in the decision-making process, the formation of knowledge by the Chinese about the long-ignored Miao territory, and the significance of mutual understanding of cultures. It argues that the tragic confrontation between the Miao people and the Qing state building was not necessarily inevitable, but contingent on the officials’ perception of the minority people’s culture and the handling of the relationship between the state and local indigenes.     

楚竹书《子羔》篇补释四则

本考释上海博物馆藏楚竹书(子羔)四个疑难字词,取得以下结论：一、“观于伊”之“观”与关桑林之会有关,“伊”则指伊水;二、“瞽叟”之“瞽”字从“兔”省声,简“有虞氏,乐正瞽叟之子”乃对“舜,何人也”之回答;三、楚简“方”与“平”形近但仍严格区别,简“方万邦”之“方”训为法、则;四、简五及简八的“由”与“从”语法结构相当,于简中作为动词,可训为“寻”或“导”。     

《大元混一方舆胜览》的价值与缺陷

《大元混一方舆胜览》是现存唯一一部完整的元代地理总志, 迄今无人对其进行专门研究, 本文作者因整理之故, 举例若干, 就其价值与缺陷进行了较为全面的梳理, 勾画了一个大致轮廓, 希望有助于读者对该书的理解和使用。     

论"夷"和"东夷"

“东夷”本是传世和出土文献对古史上某一时期东方居民的称谓。近年来,随着考古学的发展,越来越多的学者把黄淮下游海岱地区史前考古学文化的族属称为东夷。本文旨在根据传世和出土文献的相关记载,廓清“夷”和“东夷” 的产生、发展、流变和消失的历史过程。     

方国瑜先生与彝族史研究

方国瑜先生是中国西南民族史研究的拓荒者和奠基人。自 1 93 4年秋开始收集资料 ,到 1 984年《彝族史稿》公开出版 ,在长达半个世纪的时间里 ,方先生“筚路蓝缕 ,以启山林” ,在资料的搜集、整理 ,族别史研究的理论指导 ,彝族史研究的框架体系 ,彝族史上的重大问题如族源、叟人、爨部、乌蛮、南诏等方面做出了开创性的贡献 ,为彝族史学科的建立和发展奠定了坚实的基础。同时 ,方先生提出的理论体系和对重大问题的讨论 ,在中国民族史研究上 ,具有普遍性的理论指导意义     

The ethnoarchaeology of firewood management in the Fang villages of Equatorial Guinea, central Africa: Implications for the interpretation of wood fuel remains from archaeological sites

In archaeological literature, the study of trees and wood remains is a topic of relatively marginal interest, especially compared to texts on crops and human–animal relations. However, charcoal is the most frequent botanical remain found in archaeological sites. Charcoal analysis can therefore play a major role in the development of studies in both landscape and palaeoethnobotanical reconstruction. The majority of the archaeological charcoal assemblages reflect the exploitation of wood as an energy source (fuel). The archaeological study of firewood selection has been predominantly developed from “eco-utilitarian” or “subsistence economy” perspectives, but has not yet considered fuel collection and use as one of the most enduring categories of human–environment interactions, nor has archaeology looked into its potential as a source of empirical information on past perceptions of, and interactions with, ancient landscapes. The aim of this paper is to expand previous archaeological work on the interpretation of charcoal macro-remains through the study of firewood collection as a historically constituted, socially mediated and archaeologically observable landscape practice. In order to achieve this, we present an ethnoarchaeological case study from the Fang society of Equatorial Guinea (central Africa) aimed at gaining a better understanding of the complex interactions between cultural, ecological and economic variables in firewood collection strategies.     

十八世纪杭州地区的画家方薰及其作品——以故宫博物院藏品为中心

18世纪末至19世纪中期,嘉兴府艺术家辈出,有史家甚至称之为所谓"嘉兴画派",认为它对后来的海派起到了重要影响。方薰并非这一派中的杰出艺术家,但他却生活在一个承上启下的时期,他的艺术承接了17、18世纪正统工细的艺术风格,同时也是19世纪后半叶上海艺术形式创新的前奏,从这个角度看,北京故宫所保存的5幅方薰的画作具有很大的价值。本文通过深入研究方薰生平并结合其作品,认为浙北知识精英阶层的生活品位与艺术需求同画家的创作有着密切的互动关系。对方薰个案的研究,可以使我们在某种程度上找到认知18世纪苏杭文人圈的捷径。此外,作者还指出,每个艺术中心都拥有它相对独特的文化,我们不应以偏概全地认为乾隆朝的宫廷以及扬州一带是18世纪所有中国画的原产地。     

戴名世与桐城派关系辨析

戴名世生前与桐城派创始人方苞交往密切,故研究者常将戴名世视为桐城派的开创者。但客观而论,戴名世与桐城派的创建并无关涉。戴名世只是一位与桐城派创始人方苞有着密切往来,并持有相近文学、学术观点的桐城籍学者。     

《通雅》在汉语方言学史上的地位

方以智在《通雅》中比较全面地阐述了他的方言学理论,这些理论以今天的学术眼光来看,也基本上是正确的,其中一些观点还富有借鉴意义。《通雅》一书记载的明末的许多方言现象,是我们了解明末汉语方言差异的珍贵文献。方以智及其《通雅》在汉语方言学史上理应有一席之地。