河南仰韶文化的发现与研究--纪念仰韶文化发现80周年

河南境内仰韶文化可分为庙底沟、大河村、后岗、大司空、下王岗等多种类型.它从裴李岗文化而来,随龙山文化而去,其间与大汶口文化、大溪文化、屈家岭文化互有影响.仰韶文化经历了由母系氏族社会逐步过渡到父系氏族社会的漫长历史长河,在中国古代文明起源中具有重要意义.     

A review of archaeology in mainland Southeast Asia

This article outlines recent advances in establishing and understanding the prehistoric sequence in mainland Southeast Asia. Research has been unevenly distributed, varying from virtually none in Cambodia to a marked intensity in Hong Kong and the adjoining mainland. A new pattern is becoming apparent, due in no small part to the new findings in southern China. It is argued that despite its long history of occupation, beginning withHomo erectus almost a million years ago, tropical Southeast Asia was occupied by scattered inland groups and larger, possibly sedentary coastal foragers until exposed to intrusive agricultural societies during the third millennium BC. These communities, which originated ultimately in the Yangzi Valley, brought with them rice cultivation and were responsible for the wide distribution of Austroasiatic languages. The three divisions of this language superfamily are now distributed from eastern India to southern China. Following a relatively brief Neolithic period, small and autonomous communities, particularly in Lingnan and Bac Bo (Guangdong and Guangxi provinces of China and the area of the Red River Delta), were exposed to exchange contact with the Shang state of the Chinese Central Plains, and this brought exotic jades and bronzes. Within this context, a local bronze industry was established between 1500 and 1000 BC over much of Southeast Asia, but without any obvious social developments until the middle of the first millennium BC, when several major changes occurred. These incorporated iron smelting and forging and exposure in the southern parts of the region to Indian mercantile contact and along the northern margins to the expanding Chinese empire. Adaptations varied regionally, from the establishment of warrior chiefdoms to counter the Chinese to the construction of water control systems in the arid heart of Southeast Asia to alleviate environmental unpredictability. It is within these regional changes that we can identify trends toward the establishment of states, some of which persisted in an unbroken lineage to the present.     

Geochemical fingerprinting of hydraulic fracturing fluids from Qusaiba Hot Shale and formation water from Paleozoic petroleum systems,Saudi Arabia

Provenance studies of produced water are essential to trace flow dynamics and reservoir compartmentalization in petroleum systems and to quantify fluid recovery rates from unconventional fracturing. Produced water from a hydraulically fractured well in the Qusaiba Hot Shale in the Northern Exploration Area, Saudi Arabia, was daily monitored and analyzed for water chemistry, and environmental (δ²H, δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O_H2O, δ¹⁸O_SO4, δ³⁴S_SO4, δ³⁷Cl, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and cosmogenic isotopes (³H, ¹⁴C, ³⁶Cl), to differentiate from reference fluids of supply water, fracturing fluids, and formation water from adjacent Paleozoic units. Initially, recovered water is composed of fracturing fluids and subsequently replaced by a homogeneous cut of pristine formation water. Formation water is composed of dominant meteoric water (approximately 84 vol%) and minor fossil evaporated seawater. The young ¹⁴C‐apparent age between 6000 and 6700 years BP and depleted δ¹⁸O/δ²H values for the meteoric component confirm the infiltration of surface water into the Qusaiba Hot Shale interval or adjacent units during the Early Holocene Pluvial Period under cooler and wetter climatic conditions than present, which suggest the presence of a very recent, dynamic hydraulic flow system. ³⁶Cl/Cl ratios between 102 × 10^?15 and 31 × 10^?15 are ambiguous and can be attributed to atmospheric recharge close to the coast, mixing of ³⁶Cl‐enriched Quaternary meteoric recharge with ³⁶Cl‐depleted fossil seawater, and/or hypogene production by U‐Th‐enriched host rock. Produced waters from Qusaiba Hot Shale are within the compositional range of Na‐Cl‐type formation water from Paleozoic reservoir units in northern Saudi Arabia with salinities from 30 000 to 130 000 mg l^?1. As a novel technological approach for exploration wells in Northern Saudi Arabia, multi‐isotopic methods were successfully implemented to quantify flowback volumes from hydraulic fracturing, and to fingerprint pristine formation water or pore water in Paleozoic systems on their provenance, residence time, migration pathways, and secondary alteration processes.     

Emergence of complex society in prehistoric Korea

A highly stratified society had emerged in the Korean peninsula by the beginning of the Christian era. It was expressed symbolically by ownership of valued goods and status burials. Four factors are basic to understanding the emergence of stratification in prehistoric Korea, around 2300–1700 B.P.: autonomous sociocultural evolution within the peninsula since early Chulmun Period, external pressures from more advanced culture spheres in Manchuria and northern China, the existence of elites able to facilitate integrative process, and warfare and conflict. The external pressures, in particular, resulted in a sociocultural process characterized as a secondary formation. For the evidence of emerging social complexity and stratification, the authors examine various archaeological data, with a special focus on differentiated mortuary architecture and its associated objects. Ancient Chinese accounts are considered as complementary evidence.     

Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic Egypt

The traditional explanation of the origin of Egypt credits the legendary Menes with founding the state through the conquest of the Delta region, but this is more of a political legend than explanation. Anthropological archaeologists and Egyptologists are bringing new methods and questions to their search for an adequate explanation for the development of one of the world's first territorial states. Early investigations of cemetery sites in Upper Egypt and settlements in the Delta have been supplemented by the excavation of more Upper Egyptian settlement sites, while cemeteries and other important settlements are now being uncovered in the Delta. Three trends are particularly important for the development of social complexity in ancient Egypt: (1) a growing appreciation of regional differences in Predynastic culture; (2) chronological refinements; and (3) an emphasis on group social and political developments, and trade. A consensus appears to be developing that stresses the gradual development of complex society in Egypt, in which a number of small polities coalesced into three or four larger entities during the late Predynastic, followed by the assimilation of the northwestern Delta by the Thinite rulers. The effort to control trade with the southern Levant and Mesopotamia seems to have encouraged expansion of Upper Egyptian cultural and political influence northward.     

Crisis,Continuity and Change: Neoliberalism,the Left and the Future of Capitalism

Abstract: This essay's point of departure is the coincident economic and environmental “crises” of our time. I locate both in the dynamics of capital accumulation on a world‐scale, drawing on the ideas of Marx, Karl Polanyi and James O’Connor. I ask whether the recent profusion of “crisis talk” in the public domain presents an opportunity for progressive new ideas to take hold now that “neoliberalism” has seemingly been de‐legitimated. My answer is that a “post‐neoliberal” future is probably a long way off. I make my case in two stages and at two geographical scales. First, I examine the British social formation as currently constituted and explain why even a leading neoliberal state is failing to reform its ways. Second, I then scale‐up from the domestic level to international affairs. I examine cross‐border emissions trading—arguably the policy tool for mitigating the very real prospects of significant climate change this century. The overall conclusion is this: even though the “first” and “second” contradictions of capital have manifested themselves together and at a global level, there are currently few prospects for systemic reform (never mind revolution) led by a new, twenty‐first century “red‐green” Left.     

中国的地域文化

地域文化其实就是最能够体现一个空间范围内有特点的文化类型,它表现在方言、饮食、民居、婚丧节庆、民间信仰等方面,它产生的原因是地理环境、移民、政治权力和行政区划、民族、宗教以及外来文化。地域文化构成了丰富多彩的中国文化,体现了中国文化的生命力。地域文化的研究与发展有利于保存和延续中国传统文化。随着生产力的发展,交通运输的改善,人口流动的加快,信息手段的进步,一部分地域文化将不可避免的会消失,而地域文化越来越趋同也是不可避免要发生的。以往对地域文化大多属于消极保护,如今只有积极的去做好保护工作,才能避免完全灭绝。把我们凡是能够保存的古代遗存尽可能的保存下来,不是为了我们今后能够再回到古代,而是让我们能够欣赏、怀念、追忆我们的古代文明。     

Neither Cyclops nor Sophist: Christian Formation Against the State

Abstract

This article identifies a deep paradox at the heart of the modern state—in its ability and professed purposes to form the moral characters of its citizens—and then offers a Christian response. Were it not for the manifest success of states in persisting in this paradox, it would delegitimize them on grounds of incoherence and duplicity. In an argument that is occasionally Aristotelian, the article shows how modern (secular, liberal) states morally form citizens who willingly submit to the state's formation on grounds that the state has legitimacy so long as it does not claim moral authority. This line of reasoning is explicated with reference to Sheldon Wolin on Alexander Hamilton and feudalism as well as Martha Nussbaum on Aristotle. In response, Christian freedom, ecclesial peoplehood, and poverty not only run counter to state formation but positively resist it.     

The sources and formation processes of brines from the Lunnan Ordovician paleokarst reservoir,Tarim Basin,northwest China

The most important petroleum exploration target in the Tarim Basin, northwest China, is the paleokarst reservoir. To understand the source and evolution of brine in this type of reservoir, a total of 37 formation‐water samples were collected from the Middle‐Lower Ordovician paleokarst reservoir in the Lunnan oilfield. The δD‐δ¹⁸O correlation and Cl/Br ratios reflect the mixture of two fluids: meteoric water and evaporated seawater. The different degree of mixture divided samples into two groups. Group 1 samples, from deep strata (5150–6667 m.b.s.l.) in the east of the field, with elevated δD (?53.5 to ?38.0‰), δ¹⁸O values (0.66–5.99‰), and lower Cl/Br ratios (336–478 for Cl/Br, except LN634‐1 and LN631‐1) were formed by evaporation of seawater plus a small contribution from meteoric water. Group 2 samples, from shallow strata (5038–6067 m.b.s.l.), in the west of the field, have contrasting features (?59.6 to ?48.5‰ for δD, ?0.47 to 2.17‰ for δ¹⁸O, and 501 to 871 for Cl/Br), which reflect a mixture of evaporated seawater with a high proportion of meteoric water. Both of the fluid types exchanged oxygen isotope with minerals. The investigation into cation composition reveals that, before entering into the current reservoir, waters suffered albitization of plagioclase; moreover, meteoric water dissolved evaporites and seawater experienced dolomitization. A mixing trend showed by strontium isotopes (0.709801–0.711628) gave further evidence for the mixture of two fluid types. Based on the correlation of geological history with our data, two infiltration models of meteoric waters can be constructed. According to the chemical and isotopic compositions of the waters, an east fluid regime (Group 1) and a west fluid regime (Group 2) have thus been defined. Better understanding of the subsurface fluid movement patterns may be helpful for the local exploration.