背包旅游者的演变与概念重塑

作为背包旅游研究领域的一个基本概念,背包旅游者这个术语在概念界定的过程中遇到了新的挑战.本文认为有必要从“经”和“纬”两条线来分别梳理该概念的发展脉络、基本内涵和主要争议.在对背包旅游者概念进行深入辨析的基础上,结合背包旅游现象的新特点,本文提出：自主性和深度体验是背包旅游者概念的本质内涵,以此构成该概念界定的主要依据,因此,背包旅游者是倡导自主精神,采取自助旅游方式前往异地寻求深度旅游体验的人.同时,本文指出,现阶段的背包旅游者具有类型上的划分,借助“意义”和“形式”两个维度可将其分为朝圣型背包旅游者、形式型背包旅游者、享乐型背包旅游者及纯粹精神型背包旅游者.     

论执政条件下的党群关系

和谐的党群关系是社会主义和谐社会最本质、最基本的关系,是党和国家长治久安的保证。新时期,加强和改进党的领导,首先要进一步改善党群关系,切实关注民生疾苦,努力解决好影响党群关系的重大问题。这样,才能在和谐的党群关系下构建并最终实现整个社会的和谐。     

从"伊拉克门"到"情报门"——美国对萨达姆政权政策探析

美国当代有两次所谓"伊拉克门"丑闻:一次发生在海湾战前,以美国纵容伊拉克发展大规模杀伤性武器借以改善美伊关系为特征;另一次又称"情报门",发生在2003年伊拉克战争前,以美国政府夸大伊拉克大规模杀伤性武器的威胁度和紧迫性,为发动伊战寻求借口为特征。两次"伊拉克门"特征迥异,却都与大规模杀伤性武器紧密相关。大规模杀伤性武器成为美国处理对伊关系、制定对伊政策的核心因素。两次"伊拉克门"期间,随着国际环境以及战略重心的改变,美国的伊拉克政策也发生了巨大的转变,美国对伊外交政策的务实主义本质在两次"伊拉克门"丑闻中得到了充分的体现。     

浙江区域块状经济地理分布特征、绩效及其形成机制研究

浙江区域块状经济这种新型的产业空间集群组织形式的形成和发展并不是一种偶然的经济现象,而且特定历史背景、人文环境及资源压力和市场竞争条件下产生的必然经济运动的结果,是浙江人在培育市场经济过程中探索出来的一种成功发展模式。在中国的浙江,全省86个县、市中有85个县、市拥有地方特色的区域块状经济地理分布特征。按其成因和地理位置可将浙江省"区域块状经济"概括为:环杭州湾平原区位型、浙东南沿海"温州模式"型、浙中金衢盆地资源匮乏开拓型和浙西南地方资源开发型等四大特征分区;对基于产业集群的区域块状经济运行绩效的研究表明,区域块状经济的形成和发展为面广量大的中小企业构筑了一种有效的地域空间模式,对于提高区域工业的竞争力、工业产品的市场占有率、促进浙江市场的繁荣、农村工业化、城镇化发展具有十分重要的作用,与此同时,探讨了基于中小企业与大市场成功对接的浙江省区域块状经济形成机制,提出了中小企业的集群成长及其与市场的成功对接是浙江省区域块状经济形成和发展的动力机制和区域块状经济与农村工业化、城镇化互动发展模式。     

打造区域性产业板块:十五期间我国旅游业产业结构调整的重要战略方向

打造区域性产业板块,是根据我国幅员辽阔,具有自然地理上的多样性、地方文化的 多元性特点,进行旅游产业区域布局的结构性调整,整合我国各具鲜明特色的大区域旅游板块形象.     

Effect of heating on the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen

The effects of heat on the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios of collagen in bone were studied. Boiling or roasting did not change the δ¹³C and δ¹³N values by more than 1‰. More extreme heating, such as might occur if bones were burned or a body cremated, shifted δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values by as much as 5 and 4‰ respectively. These large shifts were accompanied by changes in the atomic carbon-to-nitrogen ratios of the collagen. These results indicate that collagen samples extracted from prehistoric bones which display anomalous atomic carbon-to-nitrogen ratios may have been subjected to heating extreme enough to have altered their ${}^{13}\text{C}{}^{12}\text{C}$ and/or ${}^{15}\text{N}{}^{14}\text{N}$ ratios and therefore should not be used for dietary reconstruction.     

Estimating Body Mass in Dogs and Wolves Using Cranial and Mandibular Dimensions: Application to Siberian Canids

Previously developed regression formulae for estimating body mass in dogs and wolves based on cranial and mandibular dimensions are evaluated using modern canid specimens of known weight at death. Some of these equations proved reliable, but others have large standard errors of estimate and likely produce unreliable mass estimates. New sets of equations for estimating body mass in dogs and wolves are produced using our datasets, including a set of equations developed from combining the dog and wolf biometric data into a single population. The resulting regression equations allow body mass to be estimated from a series of cranial and mandibular dimensions with relatively low errors. Further, our datasets include larger numbers of specimens of larger ranges of body mass than in these previous studies. When the equations are applied to a suite of dogs and one wolf from Eastern Siberia, several patterns emerge. First, hunter–gatherers' dogs in this region vary widely in terms of body size, even within a limited geographic area and time period. Some were quite large, similar in size to modern Siberian huskies. Second, pastoralists' dogs are less variable in terms of body mass, but this may reflect the nature of our samples. In particular, pastoralists' dogs nearly all were sacrificed juvenile dogs, some of which appear to have been eaten. These dogs seem to have been approached adult body size when they were selected for sacrifice. Finally, our findings help to highlight the need for further refinement in methods used to study ancient canid remains. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GROUND MOTION DOMINANT FREQUENCY EFFECT ON THE DESIGN OF MULTIPLE TUNED MASS DAMPERS

Utilising the Kanai-Tajimi and Clough-Penzien spectrums and the pseudo-excitation algorithm in the frequency domain, parametric study is performed to examine the effect of the dominant frequency of ground motion on the optimum parameters and effective-ness of multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMD) with identical stiffness and damping coefficient but with unequal mass. The examination of the optimum parameters is con-ducted through the minimisation of the minimum values of the maximum displacement and acceleration dynamic magnification factors of the structure with the MTMD. The optimum parameters of the MTMD include the optimum frequency spacing reflecting the robustness, the average damping ratio and the tuning frequency ratio. Minimisation of the minimum values of the maximum displacement and acceleration dynamic mag-nification factors, nondimensionalised respectively by the maximum displacement and acceleration dynamic magnification factors of the structure without the MTMD, is used to measure the effectiveness of the MTMD. The results indicate that in the two cases where both the total mass ratio is below 0.02 and the total mass ratio is above 0.02, but the dominant frequency ratio of ground motion is below unity (including unity), the earthquake ground motion can be modelled by a white noise. It is worth noting, however, that for the total mass ratio above 0.02, the Kanai-Tajimi Spectrum or Clough-Penzien spectrum needs to be employed to design the MTMD for seismic structures in situations where the dominant frequency ratio of ground motion is beyond unity.     

Identifying wine and oil production: analysis of residues from Roman and Late Antique plastered vats

The production of oil and wine was an important aspect of the ancient Mediterranean economy. Among the material remains related to the production of these substances, installations used for their production provide evidence that is still unexploited. Although archaeological studies have been carried out on these installations, problems can arise in the identification of their function, as wine and oil production structures can be similar and the archaeological traces insufficient to establish which substance was produced.     

Holocaust Archaeology: Archaeological Approaches to Landscapes of Nazi Genocide and Persecution

Abstract

Debate concerning the events of the Holocaust is well embedded in the historical discourse and, thus, clearly defined narratives of this period exist. However, in most European countries the Holocaust has only recently begun to be considered in terms of its surviving archaeological remains and landscapes, and the majority of known sites are still ill-defined and only partially understood from both spatial structural points of view. Additionally, thousands of sites across Europe remain unmarked, whilst the locations of others have been forgotten altogether. Such a situation has arisen as a result of a number of political, social, ethical, and religious factors which, coupled with the scale of the crimes, has often inhibited systematic search. This paper details the subsequent development and application of a non-invasive archaeological methodology aimed at rectifying this situation and presents a case for the establishment of Holocaust archaeology as a sub-discipline of conflict studies. In particular, the importance of moving away from the notion that the presence of historical sources precludes the need for the collection of physical evidence is stressed, and the humanitarian, scientific, academic, and commemorative value of exploring this period is considered.