孙中山与护国运动

在反对袁世凯的护国运动期间,孙中山主张以北方地区为重点,与袁世凯进行坚决的军事斗争;他主张护国运动应以建立巩固的民主制度为最终目标,而不应仅仅满足于推翻袁世凯;他主张各派反袁势力团结一致,即使发生矛盾也应和平解决,不应诉诸武力。在护国运动期间,孙中山对各地革命党武装的反袁军事行动进行了指导,帮助各地革命党武装筹措经费,动员各界人士参加反袁斗争,为反袁斗争进行了舆论宣传。许多革命党人在孙中山的派遣和指导下参加反袁斗争并作出重大贡献;孙中山对一些护国运动领导人的反袁活动起到了推动作用,对当时的社会舆论也产生了一定影响。     

馆藏元代玉泉古琴结构和髹漆工艺的科学研究

为了全面地了解古琴的制作工艺,为该类文物修复保护提供科学依据,以湖北省博物馆馆藏玉泉古琴漆膜、丝弦残片为研究对象,通过体视显微镜、电子探针、红外光谱仪(FTIR)、热裂解气相色谱串联质谱仪等多种分析方法,针对古琴的微观形貌、层次结构、组成成分及髹漆工艺等方面进行研究。结果表明,该古琴的琴身部分由木胎层、漆灰层、底漆层和色漆层构成,底漆层的运用为漆灰层和漆膜颜料层起到了很好的桥梁连接作用。在玉泉琴的制作过程中,使用了垸灰髹漆工艺,以增加古琴的机械性能与防水性,同时增加其演奏效果,其漆灰层的主要物质为骨灰。FTIR结果表明琴弦为动物性纤维;此外,提取离子技术、AMDIS加Excel漆器表征系统(ESCAPE)漆膜有机质鉴定结果表明漆膜层主要由漆液、干性油和淀粉组成,且漆液来源于三大漆树种类(Rhus verniciflua、Rhus succedanea和Melanorrhoea sp.)中的Rhus verniciflua-Urushiol(漆酚)。现代表征仪器的运用在一定程度上提取了古琴所蕴含的隐匿信息,研究结果从侧面揭示了古琴的保存状态、物质组成、层次结构和髹漆工艺等特点,为出土漆器保护修复科研工作的科学化发展提供实证支撑。     

元代长社县尹袁英记功碑研究

元代长社县尹袁英之碑是一方刻立于元代至正年间的记功颂德碑,记载了袁英入仕为官直至调任长社县尹后的政治经历。袁英其人史书无载,碑文详细记载了袁英的仕宦经历、为官作为及政治交游情况,是元代县尹群体的时代缩影。碑记铭文关于袁英任县尹期间所采取的一系列治理措施从侧面反映了元末长社地方风貌,对元代中原地区居民民族构成情况也有相关涉及;袁英及撰额者冯梦弼的出仕经历,体现了元代统治者入主中原后为巩固自身统治所采取的人才选拔措施,所表现的元代统治者对待儒家思想的态度亦值得深思;志文所记载的长秋寺知符节一职亦有助于对元代长秋寺职官设置的考证和研究;关于云南王出行之事反映了元代宗王的政治特权。     

The Origin of Alliances: From Sparta to the EU’s Solidarity Clause

Abstract

According to the International Relations theory known as Realism, interstate interactions, whether ancient or modern, are motivated by the pursuit of hegemony of individual states, which act as monolithic groups in articulating their foreign policy decisions. The application of Realism to the study of Spartan foreign policy in the third century BC shows the validity of this theory in explaining certain aspects of ancient interstate interactions, as illustrated by the two alliances discussed in this article. The first, earlier alliance, between King of Macedonia Antigonos Gonatas and Sparta and some Peloponnesian cities, was made in response to the threat posed by King Pyrrhus of Epirus who was set on conquering them. The later alliance, between Sparta and other states, was made to stop the ambitions of King Antigonos Gonatas who controlled many cities of the Peloponnese and sought to conquer the whole of Greece. In forging such alliances, according to the Realist view, the states acted as large monolithic groups, yet a broader assessment of the available evidence shows the presence of smaller, subtler networks of individuals, which were paramount in articulating important foreign policy decisions. The comparison of Spartan decision making with the activation in 2009 of the EU’s Solidarity Clause, included in Article 222 of The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), indicates that the activation of this clause too required the consensus of several European governing bodies. By bringing to light the critical role played by smaller networks of power in foreign policy decision making in the ancient and the current-day EU alliances, this article exposes both the merits and the limits of the Realist international relations theory.     

Can Lost Maps Speak? Toward a Cultural History of Map Reading in Medieval China

Despite the fact that virtually no Chinese maps have survived from the first millennium, it is nonetheless possible to reconstruct a rich context associated with their production, use and perception from a variety of written sources. Three cases from the Tang dynasty (618–907 ce) are presented in this article in which the characteristics of the missing maps emerge through their associated texts, which have outlasted them. These examples include two documents that once accompanied maps presented to the emperor and an anecdote that refers to a map of the remote southern frontier. They demonstrate that the maps were designed not only to encapsulate imperial territory but also to serve as guideposts for aspirational travel. They were also perceived by their users as invitations to experiences both desirable and undesirable.     

元朝疆域格局概述

本文通过大蒙古国向元朝转变、元朝版图构成以及周边变化等问题阐述 ,勾勒出元朝的疆域格局。在总结前人研究成果的同时 ,通过勘比史料 ,对一些问题提出了自己的看法     

从君宪到共和:袁世凯的一段心路历程

在辛亥传统叙事框架中,袁世凯重出江湖后一味搅局:先是利用武昌危机与清廷讨价还价攫取权利;继则用清军打压南方,威逼革命;终则利用南方革命党人逼退清帝,进而交换中华民国大总统宝座,"窃取"辛亥革命胜利成果。这个传统叙事框架在过去特殊年代自有其解读的合理性,但显然不是从史料发出,用事实论证,多少带有以袁世凯后来帝制自为倒推其重出江湖时的心情和作为,与历史事实具有相当差距。本文根据新旧史料最大限度还原袁世凯在武昌起义后的一段心路历程,重建袁世凯从君宪到共和的踌躇、无奈、顺势及转变的限度。本文认为,作为晚清重臣,袁世凯从维新到新政,再到仿行立宪,一路走来,基本上充当着晚清政治变革重要推手,他们那一代政治精英能够认同的也就是君主立宪,所以袁世凯重出江湖后的政治选择就是利用政治危机推动政治变革,实现君主立宪,只是当君主立宪被各方面抛弃后,袁世凯方才顺势而为,变成一个有限的共和主义者。     

关于镇江宋元粮仓的几个问题——转般仓、淮东总领所、大军仓

综合考古资料以及文献记载来看,镇江双井路遗址发现的南宋八座仓储遗迹,应该是转运司下属的转般仓,而转般仓与南宋淮东总领所及其所属的大军仓有着比较密切的关系。考古发现的一座元代仓储遗迹,应该是在南宋转般仓旧址设置的大军仓。     

宗教研究与文化关怀:从各宗教史研究析陈垣的中华文化观

陈垣的宗教研究蕴涵着深刻的文化关怀。在基督教研究中,陈垣的文化关怀体现在"使基督教在中华文化史上占有地位"的基督教本色化观,认为基督宗教不可能也不会替代中华文化,只能成为中华文化的一部分。这可以并入他在研究各种外来宗教中体现出来的以中华文化为本位的"中华文化观",即包括基督教在内的外来宗教、文化无不融入中华文化,但是不能改变后者;中华文化海纳百川似地容纳外来宗教、文化,本身得以丰富,但是本质不变,强调中华文化的包容性。抗日战争时期,陈垣的"民族文化关怀"表现为用佛教道教著述,表彰遗民,阐扬气节,并论述宗教保存发展民族文化的观点,侧重的是中华文化的长久生命力。陈恒的文化关怀体现了陈垣对自身和国家民族处境的深刻思考,在现实中都有对应,基督教本色化观对应陈垣的宗教信仰以及基督教与中华文化的关系问题,中华文化观对应全盘西化和文化保守观点,民族文化观对应外族入侵的文化保存和发展问题。我们分析陈垣的宗教研究时需要考虑这些因素。     

袁世凯蓝呢礼服上蓝色染料的分析研究

文中采用拉曼光谱分析法和薄层色谱法,对河南博物院院藏衰世凯蓝呢礼服上蓝色染料的化学成分进行了分析.研究结果显示,衰世凯蓝呢礼服上蓝色染料的化学成分为合成靛蓝,说明了合成靛蓝染色布料在当时中国已经开始出现,这在科技史和考古学上具有重要意义.