ARCHAEOMETRIC STUDY OF PROTOHISTORIC GRINDING TOOLS OF VOLCANIC ROCKS FOUND IN THE KARST (ITALY–SLOVENIA) AND ISTRIA (CROATIA)*

This paper presents the results of the archaeometric study of 30 grinding tools found in the Karst plateau (an area that spreads from the northeastern border of Italy to Slovenia) and in the Istria peninsula (Croatia). The petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the artefacts indicate that most of them would be made of trachytic volcanites extracted from the Euganean Hills, near Padua (Veneto). It is known that trachytic rocks from this area had been widely exploited in northern Italy during protohistoric times, but these data considerably enlarge the area of diffusion of saddle‐querns made of these rocks, extending it to Istria. Additionally, the likely provenance from Mount Etna of few other pieces of mugearites and hawaiites represents a new element, to be fully evaluated in the context of trans‐Adriatic exchange/trade connections. Analytical data and possible archaeological inferences are presented in detail in the text.     

论商周之际的乳钉夔纹盆形簋——关中地区先周时期铜器群探索之三

乳钉夔纹盆形簋主要出土于关中地区,是探索先周文化铜器群的重要研究对象。根据乳钉、夔纹特征及其组合关系可判断乳钉夔纹盆形簋的年代上限为殷墟文化第四期。根据纹饰特征可将关中地区商周之际的乳钉夔纹盆形簋分为三式,Ⅰ式的年代上限相当于殷墟文化第四期早段,Ⅱ式的年代跨先周晚期至西周初年,Ⅲ式的年代为西周早期。Ⅱ式簋主要出自关中地区商周之际的中小型墓葬,其背后反映的是关中地区在先周晚期的社会复杂化,中小贵族成为社会的中坚力量,为西土集团的崛起奠定了重要的礼制基础。乳钉夔纹圆鼎也是探索先周文化铜器群的重要对象,与乳钉夔纹盆形簋的关系密切,两者以一鼎一簋方式构成的随葬铜器组合有可能早至先周晚期。随着西土集团的东进灭商,乳钉夔纹盆形簋和乳钉夔纹圆鼎在东方地区的出现已晚至西周早期。     

乾隆裕陵棺椁藏文经咒释读

本文重点对乾隆裕陵内所存棺椁上的藏文经咒进行了释读,作者试图通过此项研究,找到清代皇帝棺椁上所刻藏文经咒的基本内容及其宗教意义,并在此基础上探讨清帝对于藏传佛教信仰的真实历史情况。     

唐代官吏赃罪述论

《唐律》中官吏赃罪相当于现代刑法中的贪污、贿赂罪。《唐律》规定了六种赃罪,除强盗和窃盗两种赃罪外,受财枉法、受财不枉法、受所监临和坐赃的犯罪主体均为官吏。另外,属于窃盗赃罪范畴的监临主守自盗主体也是官吏。《唐律》对官吏赃罪规定了广泛的范围和严厉的刑罚。惩治官吏犯赃是唐代以法治吏的重点,唐代对官吏犯赃采取从重惩罚政策。由于唐代官吏赃罪的以上特点,使它成为排除异己、打击政敌的有效武器。     

陕南乡村聚落体系的空间分析

本文从宏观整体、村庄个体、住户单元三个层次分析了陕南乡村聚落体系空间结构的基本特征,探讨了其各层次的演变规律。并通过对乡村聚落演变方向的预测,为陕南村镇合理建设与改造提供科学依据。     

The United States Monopolization of Bank Note Production: Politics,Government, and the Greenback, 1862–1878

Abstract

Between 1862 and 1878, the view of the United States government towards the nation's money was transformed. Early in the Civil War, the government got into the bank note printing business out of necessity, printing and issuing the first-ever federal currency. Over the following years, debates raged whether the national currency should be printed privately or by the government's bank note printer, the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP). Matters came to a head in 1878 when Congress debated the future of the BEP. That year, in a radical departure from the past, Congress gave the Bureau of Engraving and Printing a monopoly on the production of currency, forever changing the role of the government in the nation's economy. Money, be it in the form of coin or currency, was now the exclusive province of the government – not private banks or bank note companies. This change was the result of a rare consensus between Democrats and Republicans and between the forces of the antimonopoly tradition, Greenbackism, and hard money. For various reasons, they were unanimous in believing that the government, especially Congress, should be in control of those matters affecting the monetary affairs of the country.     

清代御窑厂的建立与终结——清代御窑厂研究之一

御窑厂是清代专门管理和组织烧造御用瓷器的官府行政机构,但其建厂和终结的准确时间史籍阙载。本文谨从文献、传世实物和考古材料出发,对这两个问题考证后,认为清代的御窑厂建于顺治八年以前,光绪三十三年以后御窑厂由商办江西瓷业公司经营,宣统三年清王朝覆灭是其终结时间。     

钱穆的学术史方法与史识——义理、考据与辞章之辨

钱穆在中国学术文化思想史研究方面提出了许多重要思想,其中,关于义理、考据和辞章的思想是最核心和基本的。他从民族文化保守主义出发,吸收继承了中国学术思想史上的相关思想成果,从学(科)术分类和研究方法论两个层面对义理、考据和辞章的内涵和相互关系作了许多新的阐释。他的这些思想在中国现代学术思想史上既有重要价值,也有不少局限。     

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen: Variations within individuals,between sexes,and within populations raised on monotonous diets

The stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of collagen of seven bones from each of three rabbits raised on a monotonous diet, and of two bones from each of eight female and seven male mink raised on another monotonous diet, were determined. The ranges of δ¹³C values and δ¹⁵N values were 0·5‰ and 0·6‰ for the rabbit bones and 1·0‰ and 1·4‰ for the mink bones. Uncertainties in the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values for prehistoric human diets estimated from the isotopic composition of collagen from the small numbers of bones which are typically available for analysis, and thus likely to be of the order of ±1‰.     

再论西汉诸侯王墓车马殉葬制度

《考古》2002年第1期刊登有郑滦明先生所著《西汉诸侯王墓所见的车马殉葬制度》一文(以下简称《制度》),对我曾经论及西汉诸侯王墓所葬三辆真车马的性质定为魂车的观点提出了质疑