清代西安、兰州和太原的书院分布与选址

城市书院是城市文化发展的重要组成部分,清代城市书院在全国得到了普遍的发展。本文通过对清代西安、兰州和太原三个省会城市书院的时空分布及其选址特征的研究,以揭示三个城市之间书院文化差异的一个方面。清代三个省会城市书院的建立和发展有时段的差异,也有重心的变化。书院的选址和分布格局在观念、发展道路以及格局模式等方面有同有异。     

Paper 6: Grouting Mortars for Fragmented Bricks and Repair Mortars for Tiles in the Archaeological Site Coudenberg

Abstract

Different grouting and repair mortars were developed and evaluated for the conservation and restoration of fragmented bricks in the walls and floors of the remaining cellars underneath the Aula Magna, the palace’s main banqueting hall, and to fill the lacunae and perform edge repairs of red and blue-grey ceramic floor tiles in the remaining cellars underneath the chapel of the former Palace of Coudenberg in Brussels, Belgium.

To prevent the deposition of lime bloom at the surface of the masonry and to achieve an acceptable colour match of the grout in harmony with the bricks of the Aula Magna, the effect of brick powder added to natural hydraulic lime was studied. The pozzolanic properties and colour match of several historic and modern powdered bricks were investigated. Surprisingly, ancient bricks do not seem to possess higher pozzolanic properties than the more modern ones, although it is supposed that they were fired at lower temperatures. Additional evidence for the pozzolanic reaction of the different brick powder materials was obtained from a simple visual observation of stored samples. After eight weeks all of the samples containing brick powders, fired at low and high temperatures, added to putty lime had hardened under water and were transformed into a remarkably tough material. These results are important, as modern bricks are readily available in large quantities and different colours, which are hence in favour of being used instead of historical material from the site.

For the repair of the ceramic floor tiles different mortars were investigated with mixtures containing talcum, stone or brick powder, pigments, and chalk added to an epoxy binder. The mortars were tested in the laboratory and in situ for their workability and resemblance with the historic floor tiles. The finished mortars showed excellent aesthetic properties with the tiles in situ and good properties to prevent further loss due to human interaction.     

Paper 3: Impact of the Indoor Climate on the Performance of Building Materials Contaminated with Salt Mixtures

Abstract

Archaeological sites are essentially submitted to decay phenomena inherent on their history as well as the environment to which they are exposed after excavation. The history of such archaeological sites is particularly related to their long-term underground conservation conditions during which they were subject to salt migration into the architectural remains.

It is well known that soluble salts present in building materials can cause damage, mainly by producing stresses in the substrate. A lot of research has been done in the past concerning the behaviour of salts in built constructions. However, most studies include single salts, of which the deliquescence points are well documented, while in situ one mostly finds complex salt mixtures, which makes the conservation strategy much more intricate.

The environmental conditions to minimize damage of salt-laden porous building materials can be modelled using a computer program ECOS capable of predicting the crystallization behaviour of salt mixtures. To use the model data of quantitative salt analyses are required as input. The program is then able to predict from a thermodynamic point of view which minerals will exist in the solid state under specified climatic conditions.

This paper deals with the results of a systematic investigation of the salt contamination of the building materials of the Coudenberg site and a prediction of the behaviour of the salt mixture related to the actual climate, as part of the environmental assessment.     

金沙遗址强毅汽车贸易有限公司地点发掘简报

成都市金沙遗址强毅汽车贸易有限公司地点(以下简称强毅地点)位于成都西二环路以外,羊西线以北,地处金牛区金牛乡土桥村一、三组(北纬30°43'24″,东经104°00'47″),东距老成灌路110米,西距信息园西路100米,南部紧邻托普路(图一)。2006年9月,为了配合强毅地     

石峁玉器的年代及相关问题

随着20世纪70年代中期以来神木石峁遗址调查资料的相继刊布[1],人们逐渐开始重新检视海外各学术机构和博物馆收藏的中国古玉,将许多重要藏品特别是风格独特的墨绿色牙璋类器物的产地追溯到了石峁遗址。据称大英博物     

黄家湾旧石器遗址发掘简报

湖北省十堰市的丹江口水库位于汉水上游,地处鄂西北、豫西南交界处的秦岭、大巴山与江汉平原的过渡地带,属丘陵盆地型水库。正常蓄水位为157m,淹没区面积800多平方公里。南     

陕西华阴兴乐坊遗址发掘简报

兴乐坊村隶属于陕西省华阴市桃下镇,西南距华阴市约10公里(图一)。遗址位于兴乐坊村南部,南依秦岭,北临渭河。该遗址是第三次文物普查新发现的文物点,遗址南北宽约500、东西长约600米,面积27万平方米。为配合潼(关)西(安)高速公路改扩建工程的建设,陕西     

试论水北遗址仰韶文化遗存的分期

水北遗址位于陕西省彬县炭店乡水北村(图一),面积为12万平方米。1959年,中国社会科学院考古研究所曾对该遗址进行调查,发现有钵、盆、罐、尖底瓶、缸、瓮等遗物[1][2]。2005年陕西省考古研究院等单位对水北遗址进行了发     

对县权公开改革试点的实证调查分析

县权公开经过一段时间的试点工作已经取得了一定的成效和经验,但是要使县权公开的改革试点工作取得最终成效,还需要以系统思维的方式来理清多重关系,把握改革中的关键和重点,建立和完善县权公开制度,进一步加强各项监督机制。对此,笔者基于有关试点县的实证调查分析,对县权公开的改革试点工作提出了一些建议和基本思路。     

Evidence for variability among squash seeds from the Hoxie site (11CK4), Illinois

Uncarbonized Cucurbita pepo L. (squash) seed coats were recovered from the base of a fortification ditch in water-saturated contexts at the Hoxie Farm site (11CK4) in northeastern Illinois. A direct date on one specimen indicated association with the Huber phase occupation, or about 1600 A.D. Sizes were highly variable, suggesting the presence of two or more squash varieties. To explore that possibility, length and width measurements were obtained for 21 specimens. A simple hierarchical cluster analysis revealed the presence of three distinct seed size groups. The two smaller conform to sizes displayed by modern varieties of subspecies ovifera which is the type domesticated in North America. Sizes for the third group of large seeds fall outside the range of any modern subspecies ovifera and within the range for the Mexican domesticate subspecies pepo. Similar large sized seeds first appear in the archaeological record from the Midwest during the Late Mississippian times. The potential for long-term prehistoric cultivation of two distinct lineages in the Midwest, and problems inherent in the scenario are discussed.