民国前期长江三角洲农村高利贷问题与土地的流转

民国前期,长江三角洲绝大多数农家的年净余率为零或负数,旧式金融机构已经衰败、新式金融机构尚处襁褓,农村金融枯竭,农民信用缺失,高利贷肆虐其阃,占农村借贷额的70%左右.不愿变卖田地的农家,只能以土地为抵押,举借高利贷,没有失去土地,却向着变卖土地迈出了可怕一步.借贷用于生产投资的些微,利率的高昂,使举债农家还上抵押贷款的可能性极小,为了生存,以抵押为基础,将田地进一步活卖给高利贷者,在一定期限内失去了产权.田赋之外的捐税、借款的消费倾向、高额利率,使农家无力赎回活卖的土地,不得不进一步绝卖,最终失去了土地产权.大致0.51%的土地流转率,单向度的土地流动,说明民国前期长江三角洲土地商品化程度不高,仍处在前市场阶段.     

晚清至民国徽州小农的生产与生活——对5本婺源县排日账的分析

The Pairizhang (day-to-day accounts) found in Huizhou were mostly written by the pupils in old-style private school. They seem similar to a dairy in some way with the activities of family members (mostly male) as the main contents. However, they differ from modern diaries in many ways. It was a common practice in Wuyuan County to keep day-to-day accounts in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. By analyzing the 5 accounts found there, many underlying facts can be revealed, such as the time allocation of the main labor force, the composition of the peasant’s family economy, the general situation of productive activity and the days and ranges of their outdoor activity, etc. All these findings can help us have a better understanding of the peasants’ life in Huizhou at that time. __________ Translated by Li Dan from Jindaishi Yanjiu 近代史研究 (Modern Chinese History Studies), 2008, (2): 119–124     

文本与权力:清至民国时期江西万载地方志分析

As the main literature of socio-economic history, local gazetteers display the dynamic process of local socio-economic structuring and reflect local conflicts among various interest groups. Focusing on local gazetteers in Wanzai County of Jiangxi Province from the Qing to the Republic, this essay shows how local literati played an active role in constructing their local community. These gazetteers reflected the complicated power relations, especially the conflict between the natives and immigrants, and they themselves became the important part of the process of local power reproduction and culture construction. __________ Translated by Luo Hui from Shixue Yuekan 史学月刊 (Journal of Historical Science), 2008, (9): 70–81     

Generational transformation of Chinese families: A survey of the Republic period

Family division is the way of reproduction of Chinese families and the starting point of building new families. Reasons of family division in the Republic of China include bad terms among sisters-in-law, among brothers, between father and sons, between mother-in-law and daughters-in-law, or working outside. There are three patterns of family division: one-time thorough division, serial division, and special types of division. The circumstances of family division include: inheritance while parents are alive or after their death; equal inheritance among brothers hosted by their uncle (mother’s brother), inheritance rights attributed to the eldest son or grandson, and special principles of property distribution. The rite of family division is quite solemn; documents of family division definitely need to be made with specific regulations. There are three ways of supporting for the eldly, among which leaving some land to parents is popularly adopted in rural China during the Republic period. Translated into English by Luo Hui     

"旺代叛乱"述略

“旺代叛乱”是法国大革命中的一个重大事件。这一事件的发生,不能简单地归因于旺代农民的“愚昧”、“保守”。从最直接的现象看,它实起因于共和国政府的政策与农民的传统情感之间的冲突,共和国政府的过激政策无疑应负一定的责任。共和国政府对旺代农民的镇压,不仅是拯救共和国的胜利,而且也是恐怖政策的过火表现。在近现代世界历史中,“旺代叛乱”并非只是个别的现象。在革命或者现代化进程中,不难看到一部分农民或者一部分弱势群体因维护自身利益而陷入与掌握着“革命”话语权的政府相对抗的困境乃军绛埔汶种历史现象。萤新探讨“旺代叛乱”,有助于深入理解法国大革命以及世界历史中的“旺代现象”。     

民国初年乌泰"独立"事件的外援背景再探

在民国初年乌泰“独立”事件的外援背景问题上 ,以往的研究成果多存在语焉不详、存疑待考之处。本文认真辨析各种史料记载 ,认为尽管沙皇俄国和外蒙古政权均有染指、利用这一事件的动机和欲图 ,部分史料也有相关记载或说法 ,但乌泰起兵肇乱并未实际得到俄国或外蒙古的武器、兵力援助。     

略论民国时期对内蒙古开发道路的认识与认定

民国时期关于内蒙古的开发道路 ,存在“农垦实边”、“林牧兴边”、“农牧并重”三重认识分野 ,内含了巩固边防、内地问题、边省利益、经济增长、民族关系、生态平衡等六种目标取向。受边疆危机、内地灾荒等现实问题的困扰 ,关乎长远的林牧一途无由践行 ,内蒙古未能越出以农为主的误区。     

民国时期三任北京女子师范大学校长毛邦伟述略

毛邦伟是一位民国时期颇有社会名望的教育家、著名学者,曾亲身经历过辛亥革命,在新民主主义期间,他作为进步人士十分重视师资队伍建设,毕生致力于教育事业。     

清末至民国时期赣闽粤边区农业变迁与转型

清末民国年间,赣闽粤边区①农业面对新的市场竞争环境,经历了兴衰嬗变、重组调适的过程,这一过程有衰落、有收缩、有扩张;并出现了诸多近代农业新因素,农业正朝着积极的方向作渐进性转型和变迁。近代农业完全衰败的观点在边区缺乏强有力的证据。赣闽粤边区农业渐进性转型的例子说明,对近代中国农业整体变迁评价应立足于多区域的实证研究,任何单一区域的农业评价都无法涵盖近代中国农业的整体变迁内容和特点。     

民初知识分子对议会政治的反思与建构

民国初年,面对议会政治的失败,知识分子在反思中进行了新的探索。大致表现出三种路向:第一是认为中西社会条件不同,代议制不适合中国;第二种主张用普选制、职业团体选举来改造代议制;第三种要用直接民权取代代议制。但民初政治发展的实际走向是从移植西方代议制转向由集权走向宪政的曲折道路。