银器文物缓蚀处理抗光照腐蚀的研究

通过紫外光和荧光曝露加速腐蚀实验,采用L16(45)正交试验方案研究银器文物抗光照腐蚀的缓蚀处理的影响因素,对PMTA(1-苯基-5-巯基四氮唑)、MBO(2-巯基苯并恶唑)、MBI(2-巯基苯并咪唑)及其复合缓蚀剂的防银变色作用进行了比较和研究,筛出复合缓蚀剂的最佳配比和缓蚀处理的工艺条件.结果表明,在酸性条件下,PMTAMBOMBI为213,总投加浓度3000mg.·L-1,银试片经50oC,4h预膜处理,加速腐蚀试验后的增重和外观的变化较小,显示了复合缓蚀各组分之间存在较好的协同效应,能兔满足银器文物抗变色处理的要求.     

试论旅游形象的理念识别

本文从遗产类旅游产品和现代类旅游产品两个侧面,探讨了文化学范畴的旅游形象理念识别.     

An insect fauna from a modern cesspit and its comparison with probable cesspit assemblages from archaeological sites

The insects recovered by sampling a present day disused cesspit located in south Shropshire are compared with similar assemblages from two sites in 16th century Worcester, and, as controls, with faunas from a modern compost heap and garden soil. A simple experiment is described designed to test whether stored product pest species could have arrived in archaeological deposits considered to be the sites of cesspits after having been eaten with the foodstuffs they were infesting.     

常用清洗材料对瓷器的影响研究

为了探讨常用化学清洗材料对瓷器的影响,通过清洗前后形貌对比实验和胎、釉溶出物实验,对常用清洗材料的清洗效果和对瓷器的损伤作了对比研究。结果表明,盐酸、草酸、柠檬酸、六偏磷酸钠、EDTA二钠盐对附着紧密的黄色沉积物有很显著的清洗效果;各种清洗材料对瓷器或多或少均有一定的损伤,碱性溶液、络合材料对瓷器的腐蚀都比较强,酸性材料中的硝酸、草酸、盐酸也会产生较强的腐蚀作用;一般情况下清洗能力较好的清洗液,对瓷器的损伤也很强。     

The Use of Neutron Analysis Techniques for Detecting The Concentration And Distribution of Chloride Ions in Archaeological Iron

Chloride (Cl) ions diffuse into iron objects during burial and drive corrosion after excavation. Located under corrosion layers, Cl is inaccessible to many analytical techniques. Neutron analysis offers non‐destructive avenues for determining Cl content and distribution in objects. A pilot study used prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) and prompt gamma activation imaging (PGAI) to analyse the bulk concentration and longitudinal distribution of Cl in archaeological iron objects. This correlated with the object corrosion rate measured by oxygen consumption, and compared well with Cl measurement using a specific ion meter. High‐Cl areas were linked with visible damage to the corrosion layers and attack of the iron core. Neutron techniques have significant advantages in the analysis of archaeological metals, including penetration depth and low detection limits.     

Was zählt der Preis? Dogmengeschichte und Wissensgeschichte der Ökonomie

What’s in a Price? History of Economic Ideologies vs. History of Economic Ideas. This paper suggests applying the approach of a historical epistemology to the field of economics. We observe that an assumedly fundamental opposition between the market and the state dominates popular images of the history of economic ideas. Two conflicting ideologies are roughly assigned to the two opposing sides in the Cold War. To this historical narrative the paper opposes a different view. The argument is that when taking the technical practices of economic knowledge production in the twentieth century into view, similarities abound across ideological ruptures. The chief characteristic change in the recent history of economics was a radical turn towards quantification, measurement, and mathematical modelling. A historical epistemology of economics could show how deeply both, admirers of the state and of the market, share a history. The paper concludes that to-date critique of political economy should also take into consideration a critical perspective towards the unfolding of this measurement revolution in the social sciences.     

曹村窑青黄釉陶表面腐蚀物成分及形成原因初步分析

河北临漳县曹村窑出土的青黄釉陶器残片表面覆盖着一层有光晕的层状腐蚀物。为了明确这层腐蚀物的来源,以便为后续的考古修复提供参考,采用了显微观察(OM)、能量色散X射线荧光(EDXRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱分析(RAMAN)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等方法对该腐蚀物进行了分析。结果表明腐蚀物可分为三层,最上层土褐色,中间金黄色,最下层银白色,主要成分是白铅矿和石英。曹村窑地下埋藏环境很潮湿,釉中的铅离子和土壤中的碳酸根等可溶性盐类在表面析出。沉积物与釉面的接触并不紧密,故水份仍能进入空隙继续溶蚀。反复进行后层次不断增多。达到一定厚度时,由于光线的干涉作用,就产生银白色光泽,氧化铁含量较高时便呈现金黄色甚至土褐色。目前,器物上的"银釉"作为一种历史的记录,一般不予去除,在保存中要注意防潮,防污染。     

湖州铁佛寺铁观音病害调查与分析

湖州铁佛寺内留存的宋代铁观音目前出现严重的病害,主要表现为粉化、脱落、鼓泡、锈蚀等症状,对其保护已刻不容缓。为此,通过X-荧光(XRF)、金相、红外(FTIR)、拉曼(LRS)、X衍射(XRD)对其进行分析。结果表明,铁观音基体组成为铁素体基灰铸铁,基体表面化学组成大约是:铁96.85%,硅0.47%,铜0.45%,硫0.096%,余量约3%应为碳;表层涂层为醇酸树脂,腻子为石膏,锈蚀物的主要成分主要为α,β和γ型的FeOOH。其病害原因为铁观音基体内部组成、大气环境、有害气体以及表面涂层老化对其腐蚀的影响。研究结果可为以后保护方案的制定提供参考。     

用GDP评价新中国头30年建设成就的几个问题

GDP是国民经济账户体系的一个核心指标,简单地用GDP评价新中国头30年的建设成就,并不完全合适;目前1952～1978年GDP主要有张风波、国家统计局、麦迪森三种数据,其中,麦迪森数据平均比国家统计局数据高出29.8%左右;传统上认为,发展中国家的经济总量被低估主要表现在未观测经济方面,但实际上,产品经济是计划经济国家经济总量被低估的另一个重要方面;汇率法GDP并不能真实地反映我国的经济实力及在世界上的地位,购买力平价GDP是一个重要的参考。现行的1952～1978年GDP低估了中国这一时期的建设成绩,应同时使用社会总产值和社会总产品的若干数据和事实进行补充和调整。