生物表面活性剂在纸张含铁墨渍清洗上的应用研究

生物表面活性剂是由生物代谢或从植物中提取的具有表面活性的天然产物,在纸张污渍的清洗方面,相比于温水,具有更强的清洗效果。相比于化学试剂,酸碱性较弱,可天然降解,残留不会对纸张产生破坏。为研究生物表面活性剂清洗纸张含铁墨渍的最佳效果,首先通过清洗实验对几种生物表面活性剂清洗纸张含铁墨渍的最佳条件进行探讨,得出槐糖脂在50℃,2.5%,40 min的条件下对纸张含铁墨渍的清洗效果最好,最大清洗率可达66%。再将槐糖脂与常用化学清洗剂KMnO_4-H_2C_2O_4清洗进行对比评估,得出其最大清洗率比该化学试剂低,但对纸张纤维基本没有破坏作用,而且其清洗对含碳墨水字迹无破坏作用。最后,通过XRF和ORP分析,推断槐糖脂的清洗是利用络合反应作用于含铁墨渍中的鞣酸铁及没食子酸铁,或利用表面活性作用于含铁墨渍中的阿拉伯树胶等添加剂。     

克林顿总统时期美国对华政策形成的特点--以总统、国会在对华贸易最惠国待遇问题上的争论为例

通过对克林顿时期总统与国会围绕是否给予中国贸易最惠国待遇问题的争论的历史考察,可以发现在这一时期美国对华政策形成具有如下特点第一,从行政与立法机构之间关系的角度来看,关键时刻总统和国会两院在事关国家利益的重大问题上最终总能达成共识;第二,从行政和国会与两党之间及两党相互之间关系的角度来看,对经济问题的考虑是它们的共同点,也是美国对华政策的重点,美国对华政策中的政治利益往往通过经济手段来实现;第三,从政策实现的途径来分析,总统靠游说国会和呼吁公众支持来实现自己的政策,国会则靠立法来体现其主张,而且国会在大多时候采取主动出击的方式,而总统则在多数时候保持反应式的决策模式。     

南京国民政府初期十年边疆民族事务管理机制与政策

国民政府初期是国民政府边疆民族事务管理机制与政策的形成期,期间基本形成一套事权分散的边疆民族事务管理体系,实施了一些内容庞杂、缺少系统性的政策,受到政府执政能力、行政效率和政权性质等多方面因素的影响,这些政策的实际执行都还相当有限。但是,这些管理机制的运行与政策的实施在国家实现政治整合和维护领土完整方面仍然有着相当重要的历史意义。     

Remains of the day-preservation of organic micro-residues on stone tools

Here I report on the decay processes of microscopic organic residues left on stone tool surfaces after their use. Residue analysis on ancient stone tools facilitates reconstruction of past activities. This study enables predictions about the circumstances under which ancient residues preserve. Experimental tool sets with modern residues were buried for a year in separate deposits at Sterkfontein, Sibudu (South Africa) and Zelhem (the Netherlands) whose pH and geomorphology varied, they were then analysed using light microscopy. Biological weathering mainly causes residue decay. In unstable environments rich in microbes and micro-organisms, residues decay quickly. From an archaeological perspective this means that sites that are stable, desiccated, waterlogged, extremely acidic or alkaline and extremely cold or hot sites. Different residue types have different preservation optima and this may lead to a preservation and perhaps interpretation bias. The preliminary predictive models presented in this paper could aid in the considered selection of sites and samples.     

徐州狮子山汉楚王陵彩绘陶俑的保护研究

为对徐州狮子山出土的彩绘陶俑进行保护,我们对陶俑本体进行了分析,采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对陶俑表面进行微观形貌分析;X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）分析化学成分;通过岩相分析,并结合XRD分析、热重和差示热分析（TG-DSC）从而推测陶俑的烧成温度;电子能谱仪（EDS）对彩绘表面颜料的进行成分分析。在此基础上,采用7种化学材料进行对比实验,对外观、颜色光泽度变化、固化物形成期、防水接触角、吸湿等温线、吸水率、抗压强度进行了观察和分析,同时,还进行了紫外光耐老化试验。试验表明,氟橡胶不仅有较好的渗透率和膜层外观及相对较强的抗压能力的优点,而且还有较好的耐老化性能。经过对狮子山出土的一尊彩绘陶俑利用氟橡胶进行保护后10多年的观察,陶俑的表面色泽、防水与接触角、颜料表面的固结强度等状态保持良好。因此,在保护彩绘陶俑方面,氟橡胶是值得考虑的一种材料。     

紫外荧光成像技术在馆藏壁画保护研究中的应用

应用光学成像技术对文物进行科学诊断与分析,是一种非接触的、非破坏性的、直观和快速的方法。本文介绍在馆藏壁画修复材料、修复痕迹及修复评估方面,通过利用紫外荧光成像技术的实验研究,实现了对馆藏壁画修复加固材料、修复痕迹的鉴别和诊断,对馆藏壁画加固、清洗效果的有效评估,此技术在对壁画进一步保护修复中发挥重要作用。     

'Enlivening' Development Concepts through Workshops: A case study of appropriate technology and soil conservation

In comparison with the teaching of most other geography topics, where fieldwork can be conducted relatively easily and seminars can be based on some pre-existing knowledge and first-hand experience of the issues, the range of resources and approaches available to tutors teaching the geography of development is necessarily more limited. Tutors often have to rely more heavily on 'top-down' teaching and more passive learning approaches, such as using videos, slides and lectures. While students may gain a theoretical understanding of development concepts, issues and problems, they may be left without a deeper 'experience' of such material. This paper describes a practical workshop designed to communicate to students the idea of 'appropriate technology'. The workshop enables students to actively 'experience' a development concept rather than simply understand it in theory. It tests comprehension and understanding, through the application of a concept to real examples, stimulates discussion and debate, and draws upon problem-solving and critical thinking skills.     

The Great Game in Antarctica: Britain and the 1959 Antarctic Treaty

This article is concerned with Britain's political and territorial interests in the Antarctic in the first half of the twentieth century, culminating in the signing of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty. Using in part the diaries of a Foreign Office advisor, Dr Brian Roberts, attention is given as to how successive British governments and their officials sustained a presence in the remote polar continent. Rival claimants in the form of Argentina and Chile made the task all the more difficult. Mapping and surveying were essential in maintaining British sovereignty even if the end results were at times disappointing. The article concludes by suggesting that the Antarctic Treaty, while important in promoting international scientific collaboration, did not manage to resolve the political and territorial disputes surrounding the Antarctic. Arguably, the 1982 Falklands War and its aftermath provided a vivid reminder that Britain's most southerly possessions still remain deeply contested.     

陕北马头山道教真身（肉身）泥塑像搬迁及保护研究

陕西马头山道教真身泥塑造像是以其身体为主,加入麦秸作局部支撑,裹布上泥而成,十分脆弱,急需搬迁和保护。为此,采用环十二烷预加固、贴布紧固及其底边托换等技术对真身造像进行了临时加固,圆满地完成了搬迁,并开展了展示性保护修复工作。本工作成果对高危造像的保护修复与搬迁具有借鉴作用。     

Peatland conservation in Buchan,north‐east Scotland: The historic context and contemporary issues

Scottish peatlands are now recognised as important habitats for conservation, and are increasingly protected by both national and international designations. This paper examines peatland conservation in north‐east Scotland, using recently published data to assess habitat quality, and relating this to longer‐term historical trends in attitudes towards peatlands, and their utilisation. The historical data indicates that peatland losses in northeast Scotland have been extensive, and occurred rapidly during the 18th and 19th centuries, when peatlands were regarded as fuel sources, or wastelands which could be converted to agricultural use. Threats have lessened in the second half of the 20th century, and many sites are now protected by conservation designations. However, historical attitudes towards peatlands often persist, and this can pose problems which must be addressed if conservation management is to be successful.