安徽萧县西虎山汉墓清理简报

本次在西虎山窑场共清理3座西汉石棺墓,出土各类器物61件,以陶器为主,部分有彩绘,在M3中还发现了汉画像石,这在皖北地区属首次发现。这次发掘揭示了淮北地区汉代石棺墓的面貌,对研究该地区的文化、经济及丧葬习俗提供了实物资料。     

甘肃武威磨咀子出土汉代木牛车抢救性复原修复

甘肃武威出土的汉代木牛车,两轮巨大,造型简约、独特,是河西走廊乃至西域特有样式。器物因受埋藏环境和保存环境影响,具有糟朽木器的典型特征,车体结构因腐蚀严重而坍塌散架,木质收缩变形,车轮残损、残缺,车辕、车轴断裂,车蛉、车羝残失,车毂及附属部件酥解、粉化,以致无法组合成形。为此,对这批木牛车实施了抢救性复原修复。修复工作采用考古出土的汉代棺板木作为修复材料,使用棺板木木屑及聚醋酸乙烯乳液混合物用于补全、补缺和外观做旧;回收利用老化的竹签条或棉签棒对车辐进行了复原;采用滴管渗透的方法,使用PB72的乙酸丁酯或丙酮试剂对糟朽部件实施加固;最后,采用器物原始的铆眼套合技术,使木牛车历史原貌得到复原,修复效果良好。本工作可为其后糟朽木器的修复提供科学可行的材料和技术。     

出土饱水云南松的超微构造特征

对云南剑川县出土的木质文物进行了研究,从超微结构层面更深入地解析了饱水古木的降解情况。出土的云南松(Pinus yunnansis)古木在饱水环境中淹埋了4 000多年。降解主要发生在晚材管胞,而且降解在晚材部分并不均匀:一些未降解的完好管胞分布在降解严重的管胞中。透射电镜观察显示:降解从S1/S2和S2/S3的界面开始;对于一些降解较严重的管胞,到腐朽后期细胞次生壁全部发生降解,只留下复合胞间层;细菌侵蚀是云南松饱水古木降解的主要原因。固体核磁共振结果表明:纤维素和半纤维素降解严重,木质素也出现了一定程度的降解。本研究可为其后续的加固保护提供科学的参考依据。     

养心殿镇物宝匣中木条的种属鉴定与历史考究

养心殿研究性修缮过程中,位于正脊中央的镇物宝匣向世人展现了明清皇宫建筑中的镇物文化。镇物宝匣是皇宫内建筑的重要组成部分,匣内常放置多种镇物,其中有机质镇物变化较大。养心殿宝匣内装有金钱、元宝、宝石、丝织物及若干木条。其中木条已老化变黑,难以辨识。本研究通过传统微观结构观察法对其种类进行了鉴定。初步判断木条共5类,分别是白木香Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.)Spreng.、檀香Santalum album L.、交趾黄檀Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre.、阔叶黄檀Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.、大果紫檀Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz.。前两种属于香药,后三种属于红木类木材。三种红木的发现,也为嘉庆年间宫廷内使用此三种红木提供了直接证据。结合文献考证,可能是清宫廷内资源利用及官场的腐败等诸多因素,致使修缮官员以木材边角料代替了部分香药、谷物。养心殿镇物宝匣中木条种类的鉴定对揭示清中期宫廷镇物文化、木材的利用及社会背景具有重要意义。     

跨湖桥遗址考古木材的二次保护

跨湖桥遗址考古木材出土后经过脱盐处理,然后采用聚乙二醇(PEG)进行定形加固。保护后的考古木材存在色泽变深的问题,需要对这些考古木材进行二次保护。在二次保护过程中,选用1,2-二甲基-3-羟基-4(1H)-吡啶酮复配溶液作为脱盐脱色络合溶液,以PEG为定形加固剂,采用真空冷冻方式进行脱水干燥。二次保护取得了良好的效果,考古木材尺寸和形状基本保持不变,色泽更为自然,木材纹理清晰可见。     

Evaluation of the rate of wood degradation at the Iron Age archaeological site of Biskupin,Poland

A study was made of the degradation of archaeological Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) at the Iron Age archaeological site of Biskupin, Poland. Wood degradation was evaluated after 10 years of deposition of samples in different burial conditions (mineral soil, peat and water) and at different depths (25, 50 and 100 cm) at the location of the original archaeological wood from the Lusatian culture settlement. Changes in the wood samples were assessed on the basis of selected physical (maximum water content, basic density and porosity) and chemical (chemical composition, structure of cellulose and lignin) properties. The observed degradative changes were different for samples deposited in different locations of the archaeological site and at different depths. They relate mainly to carbohydrates—both cellulose and hemicelluloses—although the structure of lignin also underwent changes. The experiment using wood that had been degraded to a similar degree to the Biskupin wood enabled identification of the actual danger of degradation of the latter. It was found that the remains of the wooden structure of the Biskupin settlement are degrading, despite the favourable physicochemical conditions prevailing at the site, and it is necessary to take measures to prevent its further decomposition.     

关于理县佳山石棺葬墓群的两个问题

四川省理县佳山石棺葬墓群是岷江上游较早发现的石棺葬墓群之一,本文主要简单探讨了其墓葬群的年代与分期,并在此基础上从随葬品的变化来观察这一地区的汉化进程。     

古旧木材保存状况多参数检测研究进展

作为人类文化遗产的重要组成部分,古旧木材保存状态的评价及保护至关重要。为了推进对古木材保存评价的深入研究,通过对多参数检测(微形态学、物理学、化学)在微观尺度下评价古旧木材保存状况及腐蚀机理的研究成果进行了综述,在介绍了从木材细胞形态、物理孔隙结构、化学组分含量、分子结构、分子量分布等方面对古旧木材进行评价的基础上,较为全面地阐述了检测各参数的不同表征方法,包括扫描电镜法、氮气吸附法、高效液相色谱法、气相色谱/质谱联用法等,具体分析了不同表征方法间的优缺点,说明了多参数检测古旧木材保存状况的可行性及重要性,并希望以此为切入点探讨古旧木材的宏观力学性能。研究结果在木质文化遗产和历史木构建筑的保护方面具有极大价值。     

Degradation of Archaeological Remains by Shipworm

The marine borer, known as shipworm, has long been known for their degradation of wooden constructions in the marine environment. This review presents the results from a variety of experiments conducted at the National Museum of Denmark throughout the past five years dealing with the in situ preservation of maritime archaeological artefacts in light of the threat from shipworm. The aim of the research has been to improve methods and analyses for conducting experiments with shipworm, and to better our understanding of their attack pattern and how to stop an active attack in situ.     

Tetraethylene glycol thermooxidation and the influence of certain compounds relevant to conserved archaeological wood

The degradation of tetraethylene glycol (TEG) was studied at 70 °C under dry air and nitrogen. Degradation products were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). They were mono-, di- and tri-ethylene glycol, mono- and di-formates of mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-ethylene glycol and formic acid. The rate of TEG degradation was significantly decreased by approximately 10 mmol/l KI, FeCl₃, Cu(CH₃COO)₂, MnO₂ and CuSO₄, small amounts of fresh oak wood sawdust and gypsum-containing scrapings from the wood surface of the Vasa ship in Stockholm. Thus certain salts and natural components of archaeological wood are able to inhibit oxidative degradation of TEG. NaFe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆ (Natrojarosite), FeS₂ (pyrite), FeSO₄, Fe₂(SO₄)₃, NiCl₂, NiSO₄, Fe, Cu, Fe₂O₃, CuO, NaHSO₄ and natrojarosite-containing scrapings from the Vasa had no major effect on the rate of oxidation.