Best practices for measuring community resources across Canada: A comparison of coding classifications

Social scientists, geographers, criminologists, and health scientists are often tasked with finding data to best capture the impact of “community context” on individual outcomes, including residential services, physical resources, and social institutions. One outlet for such data in Canada is Digital Map Technologies Inc. (DMTI) Spatial, which offers a national repository of over one million businesses and recreational points of interest. The database is generated through CanMap Streetfiles, which includes geocodes of each point's precise location. These data are available to researchers from their university data library and Esri Canada, but primarily available to private sector and government markets. That said, the goal of the current paper is to encourage researchers to access this rich yet under-utilized data source. Each service, business, or resource in the DMTI Spatial database is assigned to a respective category using Standard Industrial Classification codes and North American Industrial Classification System codes. It is not clear, however, which is the more reliable coding criteria. We provide an overview of our review of DMTI Spatial data and take-away suggestions for using this valuable resource for future research on meso-level residential markers.     

Site Classification System and Site Coefficients for Shallow Bedrock Sites in Korea

Recent studies have shown that the site coefficients obtained from site response analyses of Korean soil sites are significantly different from those specified in the current Korean seismic code, especially in the short-period portion of site response. This difference is mainly attributed to the shallow bedrock conditions (bedrock depth usually less than 30 m) in Korea. This study proposes a new site classification system and site coefficients for shallow bedrock sites based on site response analyses of more than 300 sites. The proposed site classification scheme and site coefficients proposed in this study are an improvement over the current seismic code and previous studies.     

宋代汝瓷研究

本文报导了从河南省平顶山清凉寺汝窟遗址出土的官窑和民窑青瓷样品的测试结果。给出用 ＰＩＸＥ方法测得的胎、釉的化学组成和微量元素含量。实验结果：官汝和民汝样品胎的化学组成基本一 致;而釉的化学组成明显不同。本文也给出用多元统计方法分析南方青瓷（龙泉窟、上林湖青瓷）和北 方青瓷（汝官窑、汝民窑、钧窑、耀州窑、段店窑）的化学组成和微量元素含量在聚类分析中的结果。     

徐州出土汉墓玉器的分类

对徐州有影响的汉墓出土玉器进行分类及功用上的论述,打破过去单一从功能或造型的分类法,而是运用以功能用途和造型规律相结合的分类方法。这样分类可以帮助人们全面地认识玉器文化的内涵,也为研究徐州两汉文化提供了系统的实物论据。     

文物岩石材料劣化形态分类研究及应用

为了弥补我国在文物岩石材料劣化形态分类研究的空白,本工作系统地研究了目前国际上文物岩石材料劣化勘察领域关于劣化形态分类的主要研究成果,在此基础上,通过对我国二十余处石质文物的调查和实践提出了一个既与国际研究成果接轨又与中国实际情况相结合的三级分类结构。该研究成果可为中国石质文物保护技术人员的工程实践提供参考。     

从中西词类划分的区别看中西语言的差异

中西语言关于词类划分差异巨大。通过对比研究分别掌握两种语言词类划分的分类标准和现状,有助于我们了解语句的结构和各类词的用法,从而更好地运用到语法学的学习当中。     

Discriminant function analyses in archaeology: are classification rates too good to be true?

The use of discriminant function analyses (DFA) in archaeological and related research is on the increase, however many of the assumptions of this method receive a mixed treatment in the literature. Statisticians frequently use complex statistical models to investigate analytical parameters, but such idealised datasets may be hard to relate to “real-life” examples and the literature difficult to assess. Using two faunal datasets that are more typical of archaeological and related research, one comprised of size-corrected linear measurements of bovid humeri and another of 3D geometric morphometric (GMM) shape data of African monkey skulls, and two simulated datasets, we illustrate some of the most important but often ignored issues of DFA. We specifically show why it is paramount to address “over-fitting” by cross-validation when applying this method and how the probability of correctly classifying cases by chance can be properly and explicitly taken into account.     

General Seismic Load Distribution for Optimum Performance-Based Design of Shear-Buildings

An optimization method based on uniform damage distribution is used to find optimum design load distribution for seismic design of regular and irregular shear-buildings to achieve minimum structural damage. By using 75 synthetic spectrum-compatible earthquakes, optimum design load distributions are obtained for different performance targets, dynamic characteristics, and site soil classifications. For the same structural weight, optimum designed buildings experience up to 40% less global damage compared to code-based designed buildings. A new general load distribution equation is presented for optimum performance-based seismic design of structures which leads to a more efficient use of structural materials and better seismic performance.     

Interpreting cultural remains in airborne laser scanning generated digital terrain models: effects of size and shape on detection success rates

In this study, detection success rates were evaluated for cultural remains that were detected manually based on interpretation of digital terrain models (DTM) derived from airborne laser scanning data and with a resolution of 1, 5 and 10 points m⁻². The group of cultural remains included charcoal kilns, charcoal pits, hollow-roads, various pits, house foundations, tar kilns, grave mounds and pit-falls. The effects on the interpretation success of different types of cultural remains and their physical properties were studied: size, shape and elevation difference showing that the detection success rates varied considerably. The main tendency was that large cultural remains with clear geometrical shape (ovals and circles) and large elevation difference were much more successfully detected and classified compared to the smaller ones, especially those without a clear geometrical shape. The study also showed that it was the identification of the larger structures which profited most from an increased resolution of the DTM, and it was of no help to increase resolution in order to improve the identification of the irregularly shaped cultural remains.     

Transnational artifacts: Grappling with fluid material origins and identities in archaeological interpretations of culture change

There has been a gradual shift in historical archaeology towards interpretive approaches to material culture, including recognition of the potential for multiple functions and meanings in local contexts. It is argued here that artifacts can also maintain multiple, fluid origins and identities that affect our understanding of the nature of cultural persistence and change among migrant, indigenous and other ethnic groups. However, predefined classification schemes are often rigid and do not allow for this kind of fluidity, including the potential for artifacts from one culture to be indigenized into another. Data drawn from recent research on Japanese migrants in British Columbia, in conjunction with an approach rooted in transnationalism and diaspora, are used to highlight the nature of these ambiguities and to suggest methodological and theoretical means of overcoming them. These solutions include the need to develop contextual classification schemes that incorporate multiple artifact identities and to conduct detailed material culture histories that trace shifting origins and identities both before and during periods of migration or displacement.