河南林州市北宋雕砖壁画墓清理简报

1999年5月,林州市文物保护管理所在河南省林州市区清理了一座砖室墓葬。该墓为仿木结构,室内用雕砖、壁画做出孝子图和花卉,以及斗拱等建筑构件,还有残余的瓷枕和瓷碗、铜钱。依据墓葬形制、随葬器物判断,该墓为北宋中期遗存。     

Paper 6: Grouting Mortars for Fragmented Bricks and Repair Mortars for Tiles in the Archaeological Site Coudenberg

Abstract

Different grouting and repair mortars were developed and evaluated for the conservation and restoration of fragmented bricks in the walls and floors of the remaining cellars underneath the Aula Magna, the palace’s main banqueting hall, and to fill the lacunae and perform edge repairs of red and blue-grey ceramic floor tiles in the remaining cellars underneath the chapel of the former Palace of Coudenberg in Brussels, Belgium.

To prevent the deposition of lime bloom at the surface of the masonry and to achieve an acceptable colour match of the grout in harmony with the bricks of the Aula Magna, the effect of brick powder added to natural hydraulic lime was studied. The pozzolanic properties and colour match of several historic and modern powdered bricks were investigated. Surprisingly, ancient bricks do not seem to possess higher pozzolanic properties than the more modern ones, although it is supposed that they were fired at lower temperatures. Additional evidence for the pozzolanic reaction of the different brick powder materials was obtained from a simple visual observation of stored samples. After eight weeks all of the samples containing brick powders, fired at low and high temperatures, added to putty lime had hardened under water and were transformed into a remarkably tough material. These results are important, as modern bricks are readily available in large quantities and different colours, which are hence in favour of being used instead of historical material from the site.

For the repair of the ceramic floor tiles different mortars were investigated with mixtures containing talcum, stone or brick powder, pigments, and chalk added to an epoxy binder. The mortars were tested in the laboratory and in situ for their workability and resemblance with the historic floor tiles. The finished mortars showed excellent aesthetic properties with the tiles in situ and good properties to prevent further loss due to human interaction.     

New evidence of early use of artificial pozzolanic material in mortars

Hydraulic building composites, such as mortars and plasters, produced with artificial pozzolanic materials, became widely popular thanks to the Romans. Reports on earlier uses of such composites can also be found, mainly in archaeological and historic documents. These date back as far as the time of Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations. Here, we present a holistic analytical investigation of Late Bronze Age mortars from various archaeological sites of Cyprus. We focus on petrographic observations of thin sections, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalyses and we investigate the microstructure and texture of the samples and the chemical composition and interface of their binders. Results of powder X-ray diffraction analyses are also presented, alongside a series of measurements using mercury intrusion porosimetry and vacuum saturation, aiming to estimate the pore size distribution and the physical properties (i.e. open porosity and bulk density) of the specimens under investigation. We also report on tests carried out to assess the drilling resistance of the mortars using a novel, portable system. The results thoroughly confirm, for the first time, the earliest intentional use of crushed brick as an artificial hydraulic additive in lime mortars in Cyprus, in order to enhance their performance and longevity in the absence of natural pozzolanas.     

中国古代砖砌体力学性能研究综述

古代砖砌体建筑由于材料劣化、环境影响,材料特性及力学性能均受到不同程度的影响和损伤,为了保护历史文化的载体,结合古建筑材料获取原始且必要的数据,系统总结了古砖、传统灰浆的制备工艺和材料性能,简要归纳了古砖、传统灰浆和古砖砌体基本力学性能及其测试方法,对比分析了单砖和砌体抗压强度的差异以及古建筑砌体材料力学性能研究现状。并对今后古砌体如弹性模量等力学性能、古砌体材料及结构的损伤机理等的研究提出了展望或建议,可为砖石古建筑的修缮保护提供参考依据。     

高分子材料Si97在砖质文物保护方面的应用研究

为找寻适宜砖质文物防风化保护的新材料,摸索出一套较完善的保护方法和经验.在找出导致砖质文物风化、酥碱的主要原因后,对十几种高分子材料进行防水、防酸、防盐、防污染、耐热老化、耐紫外线等试验,从中选择出较为理想的新型保护加固材料Si-97.该材料用于风化、酥碱的砖质文物中,使残损砖质文物得到了一定的保护和加固.不仅达到了延长砖质文物寿命的目的,而且减少了维修经费.Si-97材料是在有机硅中加入二甲基硅烷、胺基硅烷、环氧硅烷等材料进行改性而成,增加了有机硅聚合物的柔韧性、降低了脆性,提高了材料的耐老化性能.Si-97具有较好的保护效果,社会效益和经济效益明显.建议推广应用.     

宁夏固原市北塬东汉墓

1999～2000年,宁夏文物考古研究所等对固原市北塬的两座东汉墓进行发掘。两座墓均为带斜坡墓道、前室穹隆顶、后室券顶的多室墓。出土遗物有陶器、铅釉陶器、铜器、骨器、玉器、琉璃器和钱币等,从墓葬形制和出土遗物看,M1的时代为东汉早期偏晚,M5的时代为东汉中期,墓主可能为地方豪强。     

江苏泰州明代墓葬清理简报

近年来泰州市博物馆抢救性地清理了两处明代墓葬群,出土了一批精美的瓷器,为研究明代泰州的墓葬演变过程提供了宝贵的实物资料。     

左手弹琴图像管见

本文对画像砖中的左手弹琴问题作了探讨。     

南阳市审计局汉墓发掘简报

2001年1月南阳市文物考古研究所在南阳市审计局清理出一批汉代墓葬,其中三座墓葬为木板盖顶的平顶砖室墓,这类墓葬在本区内极少发现.M69出土的瓷壶碎片经鉴定为原始瓷,而这种原始瓷器生产于我国南方江西、浙江等地.因此南阳这件原始瓷壶也很可能来自南方.