邾国故城一件青铜带钩的保护及其错金技术特征

2018年山东省邹城市邾国故城西岗墓地一号战国墓出土了一件锈蚀严重的带钩,为了全面了解其材质特征和保存状况,对其进行了X光探伤、X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)和扫描电镜—能谱仪分析(SEM-EDS)。结果显示这是一件较为罕见的错金嵌绿松石青铜带钩。为了揭示其艺术价值和科学价值,在科技检测基础上开展了保护工作。在保护过程中,通过对带钩和金丝形貌特征的显微观察可知,金丝的横截面形态既有倒三角形也有倒梯形,而且较宽的金丝是由单根细金丝折弯盘绕而成。这些独特的错金技术特征在以往公开发表的资料中尚未见报道,说明古代错金技术存在多种具体实现方式,这为错金银工艺研究提供了新的珍贵资料。     

青铜编钟起源的探讨

青铜编钟的起源若不梳理清楚,就难以论述明白青铜编钟的发展脉络。基于现有出土物和献记录,讨论了青铜编钟起源的若干问题,指出：青铜编钟可能滥觞于陶铃,其后陶寺铜铃的出现,为青铜编钟的产生发展奠定了一个重要的基点,而青铜编钟的真正起步是从晚商铜铙开始。对二里头铜铃至晚商铜铙之间存在的缺环,中提出了一种可能性的解释。有人认为南方铙是中原铙南传的结果,本工作则根据中原铙别于南方铙的出土成编等现象,提出了中原铙是借鉴南方铙发展而来的观点。对南方铙和中原铙之间差异、甬钟等的由来、青铜编钟的起源所反映的礼乐意义及其带给今人的启示等问题亦进行了探讨。     

A Speleothem Record of Early British and Roman Mining at Charterhouse,Mendip, England

The laser ablation ICP–MS transect of a speleothem from GB Cave, close to Charterhouse, Mendip Hills, UK, records Pb variations over the past 5 ka. The speleothem record correlates well with the known historical record of lead mining in the district, the principal features of which include: the Roman lead mining peak; the Dark Ages cessation; gradual, episodic revival up to the late 16th century peak; the 17th century collapse and subsequent recovery; and the final short‐lived burst at the end of the 19th century. This correlation supports the assumption that the pre‐Roman lead record also derives from local mining. Thus, this record is the first example of quantifying ancient human mining activity through trace element signature of a speleothem. This record also provides the first solid evidence of significant pre‐Roman mining activity in the Charterhouse region, and the first solid dating of that activity. This pre‐Roman mining can be divided into three main peaks dated to 1800–1500 bc , 1100–800 bc and 350–0 bc .     

Subsistence and the isotopic signature of herding in the Bronze Age Hexi Corridor,NW Gansu,China

Dietary patterns at two Bronze Age sites in the Hexi Corridor are investigated by the analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in faunal bone collagen. The findings are compared with archaeobotanical remains from one of the sites which include high proportions of millet (Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica) as well as the western derived cereals wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and oat (Avena sativa). The isotopic data indicate domestic omnivores (Canis and Sus) had diets dominated by millet. Minimally offset δ¹⁵N values between herbivore and omnivore fauna suggest low consumption of animal protein by omnivores. Diets of herded animal (Bos and Caprinae) included only low proportions of C4 foods, suggesting that these animals were not regularly foddered with millet plants, and that their grazing areas were mostly beyond the agricultural zone. The wide range in δ¹⁵N values amongst herbivore fauna (4.1‰–11.8‰) suggests grazing occurred in a variety of ecological zones, and this would be consistent with the occurrence of long-distance transport of livestock in the region.     

楚王(今頁)探讨

一楚系铜器中,有关楚王(今頁)的讨论曾是学界的一个热点问题。楚王(今頁)先前仅见于楚王(今頁)钟。此钟为钮钟,螺形枚,篆间与钮上饰斜角对夔纹,鼓部饰象鼻对夔纹。正面证间、     

Geography and Economic Preferences as Cultural Markers in a Border Town: The Faunal Remains from Tel Beth‐Shemesh,Israel

We present a zooarchaeological analysis of the faunal remains at Tel Beth‐Shemesh, a site located in the Shephelah region of Israel, which has been dated to the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age I. The site, identified as the biblical city of Beth‐Shemesh, was a Canaanite border town between Philistine and Israelite settlements and of great importance in our attempts to understand the social and cultural transformations that occurred in the southern Levant during those periods. This study contributes to a more accurate understanding of the cultural identity of the site's inhabitants by exploring the cultural differences between populations as reflected in their different dietary preferences. We analysed the subsistence economy at the site, the general exploitation patterns, herd management strategies and consumption practices, all of which are based mostly on domestic livestock. We determined the cultural identity at the site mainly by comparing the representation of pig remains with that found at other sites in the region, and offer various explanations for the differences. The comparisons revealed clear differences between Tel Beth‐Shemesh and other known nearby Philistine sites. This site appears to have possessed a self‐contained production and consumption economy with similarities in the general pattern of animal exploitation between the two periods. These similarities constitute evidence for the continuation of the local population and of its culture at the site during the period of turmoil that swept the region during the transition to the Iron Age. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Worked Human Femur from Gohar Tepe,Iran

A simple tool made from a gracile human femoral shaft was retrieved from a small animal bone assemblage found in a Late Bronze Age stratum at Gohar Tepe, Iran. The specimen has been identified as a chisel or gouge for which no analogous examples are known in the Near East. Studies examining similar tools from other regions suggest that such a tool may have been used for wood processing or pottery smoothing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城固出土5件商代青铜兽面饰的无损分析及初步研究

为对陕西城固出土的青铜兽面饰的保护修复提供科学依据,同时进一步揭示其所蕴含的制作技术和相关考古学信息,采用X光探伤仪、超景深显微镜、X荧光能谱仪及显微共聚焦激光拉曼光谱仪对5件商代青铜兽面饰进行了无损分析,分析结果显示,2件为锡青铜,3件为铅锡青铜,兽面饰表面铜锈以孔雀石CuCO₃·Cu(OH)₂为主,局部见赤铁矿Fe₂O₃、纤铁矿γ-FeOOH和钙质层CaCO₃。分析结果为这组青铜兽面饰的保护修复提供了科学依据。根据检测结果,对兽面的铸造工艺、补铸痕迹、铜料配比、小孔的制作工艺等方面进行了讨论,并与殷墟及老牛坡出土同类型器物进行了类比,从而得出了这一地区兽面饰的工艺、风格与该地区铜器整体风格一致的结论,为从材料与工艺层面认知“城洋铜器群”提供了坚实的数据基础。     

东汉连弧纹镜考述

东汉“长宜子孙流云纹连弧纹镜”、“长宜子孙连弧纹镜”和“素面连弧纹镜”是在西汉连弧纹镜基础上逐渐衍生出的一种世俗化、平民化的镜种,它们基于各自的设计理念而展开,并在冶炼铸造和研磨技术上较西汉铜镜更为精湛华美。从出土的铜镜来看,镜体外表色相多数取决于制镜材料、工艺技术和墓室的小环境,与南北方大的气候、湿度并没有直接关系。