新见女性册命金文[女受]鼎及相关史实考论

新近刊布的[女受]鼎是一篇稀见的女性册命金文,其内容主要记载了西周时期两名女性贵族之间的一次改命,属于罕见的周代贵族女性职务性册命金文。与一般册命铭文书写不同的是,[女受]鼎中不见册命地点、史官、右者等册命礼仪的记载,更在篇首多出"退事于内宫"的特殊句式。[女受]鼎相关铭文特点不仅是早期册命金文的时代共性,也是女性贵族受命特殊性的反映。而"退事于内宫"句来源于铭辞中贵族女性"妫"对"[女受]"的褒奖之辞,妫称赞[女受]"唯汝聿型",即[女受]较好地效法了其先人的德行,[女受]因此在铭文篇首特意强调其在内宫之旧职。不唯如此,[女受]鼎的铭文书写还为周代贵族女性职务性册命提供了佐证,是一篇弥足珍贵的西周册命金文,具有重要的史料价值。     

Where are the witches of prehistory?

Why are certain common classes of ritually destroyed objects (persons, artifacts, or architecture), such as persecuted witches, so difficult to identify in the archaeological record? Although a common topic in cultural anthropology, witches seldom receive the attention of archaeologists. The difficulties archaeologists face in the study of religion derive, in part, from the lack of correlates linking ritual activities to the formation of archaeological deposits. This paper defines ritual as a technology and employs an object life history approach that draws upon ethnographic, archaeological, and experimental research to begin building such linkages—including those describing the presecution and deposition of witches, sorcerers, and other victims of ritual violence. These new directions are illustrated through a case study of anomalous deposits of human skeletal remains from the North American Southwest     

铜片除锈强度考察与缓蚀效果分析

在青铜器除锈过程中,既要除去有害锈及其他杂质,又不损伤青铜器原貌,这就需要掌握一定的度。本研究用失重法定量地考察了不同除锈法和不同除锈剂对铜钱的除锈强度。结果表明,物理除锈法与化学除锈法均有明显的失重率。化学除锈中,5%左右的冰醋酸有较高的除锈强度。采用不同组合的BTA缓蚀剂对铜片进行保护,通过Tafel曲线分析其保护效果,以1.5%浓度的BTA与2%H_2O_2的组合液缓蚀效果明显。经盐雾腐蚀试验对此结论进行了验证。     

东周时期青铜剑首同心圆的制作技术研究

东周时期盛行佩剑之风,在剑上集中了多项杰出的装饰技术,其中位于青铜剑首端部的同心圆装饰以其精湛的制作技术引起了科技史界的关注。剑首同心圆由多圈高同心度、高凸起、薄壁状凸棱组成。对东周时期的多件剑首同心圆的考察表明剑首同心圆应用了类似轮制法成形工艺,预先单独铸造成形,后与剑茎铸接成一体。通过对车削法、石范铸造、失蜡铸造、陶范铸造等剑首同心圆可能的成形方法的分析,推测古人很可能不预制陶模,而是用轮制法直接车制出具有同心圆的剑首陶范,以陶范铸造法铸造剑首同心圆,此法是东周时期最可行的成形方法．其基础是新石器时代已采用的轮制法制陶技术及商周时期成熟的陶范处理技术。通过模板轮制法的模拟试验．成功地复制了青铜剑首同心圆。其过程为配制极细的泥料、制作带齿的模板、采用轮制法制作同心圆陶范并在相应的凸棱上刻下绳纹、焙烧陶范与浇注青铜液。     

Analysis of faunal remains from the Kretuonas lake settlement

The Middle (Kretuonas 1B), Late Neolithic (Zemaitiške 1 and Zemaitiške 2) and Old Bronze Age (Kretuonas 1C) settlements near Kretuonas Lake (Svencioneliai district, Reskutenai village) yielded many artefacts of bone, antler, horn and teeth (750 in total). In the Kretuonas 1B assemblage, deer bones accounted for 50.5 per cent, elk bones 19.7 per cent and boar bones for 27.7 per cent of the total. In the Zemaitiške 1 and 2 settlements the respective portions were 27.7 and 62.0 per cent deer, 6.8 and 20.0 per cent elk and 10.1 per cent boar. In Kretuonas 1C the proportions were 10.9, 36.0 and 7.5 per cent respectively. In the Kretuonas 1B settlement 32 artefacts were identified, 16 from deer bone, four from elk and four from boar. In the Zemaitiške 2 settlement there were 114 artefacts of which 57 were identified to species. Of these, 39 were from deer, eight from elk and four from boar. Finally, in the Kretuonas 1C settlement, of the 531 artefacts found, 120 were identified to species and of these 49 were from deer, 44 from elk, nine from boar and nine from bear.     

东汉连弧纹镜考述

东汉“长宜子孙流云纹连弧纹镜”、“长宜子孙连弧纹镜”和“素面连弧纹镜”是在西汉连弧纹镜基础上逐渐衍生出的一种世俗化、平民化的镜种,它们基于各自的设计理念而展开,并在冶炼铸造和研磨技术上较西汉铜镜更为精湛华美。从出土的铜镜来看,镜体外表色相多数取决于制镜材料、工艺技术和墓室的小环境,与南北方大的气候、湿度并没有直接关系。     

青铜编钟起源的探讨

青铜编钟的起源若不梳理清楚,就难以论述明白青铜编钟的发展脉络。基于现有出土物和献记录,讨论了青铜编钟起源的若干问题,指出：青铜编钟可能滥觞于陶铃,其后陶寺铜铃的出现,为青铜编钟的产生发展奠定了一个重要的基点,而青铜编钟的真正起步是从晚商铜铙开始。对二里头铜铃至晚商铜铙之间存在的缺环,中提出了一种可能性的解释。有人认为南方铙是中原铙南传的结果,本工作则根据中原铙别于南方铙的出土成编等现象,提出了中原铙是借鉴南方铙发展而来的观点。对南方铙和中原铙之间差异、甬钟等的由来、青铜编钟的起源所反映的礼乐意义及其带给今人的启示等问题亦进行了探讨。     

A Speleothem Record of Early British and Roman Mining at Charterhouse,Mendip, England

The laser ablation ICP–MS transect of a speleothem from GB Cave, close to Charterhouse, Mendip Hills, UK, records Pb variations over the past 5 ka. The speleothem record correlates well with the known historical record of lead mining in the district, the principal features of which include: the Roman lead mining peak; the Dark Ages cessation; gradual, episodic revival up to the late 16th century peak; the 17th century collapse and subsequent recovery; and the final short‐lived burst at the end of the 19th century. This correlation supports the assumption that the pre‐Roman lead record also derives from local mining. Thus, this record is the first example of quantifying ancient human mining activity through trace element signature of a speleothem. This record also provides the first solid evidence of significant pre‐Roman mining activity in the Charterhouse region, and the first solid dating of that activity. This pre‐Roman mining can be divided into three main peaks dated to 1800–1500 bc , 1100–800 bc and 350–0 bc .