商周青铜器铭文的制作工艺和西周颂鼎复制

考古出土实物研究表明,商周青铜器铭文制作,通常是先雕刻正阴字铭文模,然后翻制反阳字铭文活块泥芯,镶嵌于主体泥芯合适位置组成复合泥芯,最后在浇铸青铜器时一并铸成于器物内壁上。复制具有151字铭文的西周晚期青铜颂鼎,整体采用失蜡铸造工艺,铭文制作借鉴商周青铜器陶范铸造的相关工艺,多次翻制制作一块铭文蜡片,嵌入模具型腔后翻制整体硅橡胶泥芯,获得了理想的效果。     

长江中游地区楚墓中出土的青铜箭镞的锈蚀现象及锈蚀机理研究

青铜箭镞是古代制造量最大、一次性使用的兵器,与要求甚高的青铜剑和青铜礼乐器等相比,在选材和表面处理等方面有很大的不同,其锈蚀过程最能反映材料在经过数千年后所产生变化。长江中下游地区环境潮湿,埋藏条件复杂,本研究利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）、X-射线衍射仪（XRD）、显微硬度等分析测试技术,从材料科学的角度对长江中游地区战国晚期古墓中出土的青铜箭镞的锈蚀现象和锈蚀机理进行了全面的研究和分析,以期为古代青铜器的保护提供更准确的信息和资料。结果表明,青铜箭镞的组织结构可分为完全矿化层、过渡层和心部原始材料等三个特征层,不同特征层具有不同的显微组织、化学成分、致密性,以及显微硬度等;并沿横截面观察和分析了锈蚀层中的微裂纹的性质和产生原因,即,平行于表面的裂纹是由矿化层氧化物膨胀引起的剥离开裂,其进一步发展将形成“粉状锈”,而垂直于表面呈放射状的裂纹是当圆柱形箭镞杆膨胀时,矿化层的塑性差,抗变形能力低而产生的开裂;锈蚀机理研究认为青铜器的锈蚀过程是环境中杂质元素通过过渡层沿界面能较高的α固溶体和（α＋δ）共析体晶界或孔隙等缺陷逐步向内部扩散的结果。     

The First Mallorcans: Prehistoric Colonization in the Western Mediterranean

The paper aims to elucidate the first human colonization of the western Mediterranean island of Mallorca by answering such questions as: What was the cultural identity of the first archaeologically identifiable human settlers? What was the chronology of colonization? Where did the colonizers originate? And what were their contacts during the initial phase of settlement? It is based on recently acquired chronological data and on a review of the classical sources. A precise chronology for the first colonization event is proposed, supporting the idea that human settlement on Mallorca started within the period 2350–2150 cal BC. The coast of Languedoc, between the rivers Vidourle and Rhône, is the most probable source region. Whether the first settlers were derived from an Early Bronze Age or a Late Copper Age mainland culture remains unresolved. A rapid initial population growth following initial colonization is proposed. The available evidence points to the development of an essentially isolated population on Mallorca, developing an autochthonous culture with only limited contacts to mainland regions.     

Modelling of hydrology and potential population levels at Bronze Age Jawa,Northern Jordan: a Monte Carlo approach to cope with uncertainty

An annual water balance model for Wadi Rajil, in Northern Jordan, is used to simulate the ancient water supply system for the Early Bronze Age site of Jawa. The model includes: water delivery from the catchment; local pond storage; and water demand for people, animals and irrigation. A Monte Carlo approach is used to incorporate the uncertainty associated with a range of factors including rainfall, evaporation, water losses and use. The stochastic simulation provides estimates of potential population levels sustainable by the water supply system. Historical precipitation estimates from a Global Circulation Model, with uncertainty bounds, are used to reconstruct the climate at Jawa in the Early Bronze Age (EBA). Model results indicate that the population levels in the predicted wetter conditions during parts of the EBA could have risen to ∼6000 and may have been higher in wet years. However, palaeoclimatic proxies also suggest prolonged droughts in the EBA; and during these periods the water management system was unable to provide adequate supply for a population of 6000. The utility of Monte Carlo based hydrological modelling as a tool within archaeological science is discussed.     

Same island, different diet: Cultural evolution of food practice on Öland, Sweden, from the Mesolithic to the Roman Period

The Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in north-west Europe has been described as rapid and uniform, entailing a swift shift from the use of marine and other wild resources to domesticated terrestrial resources. Here, we approach the when, what and how of this transition on a regional level, using empirical data from Öland, an island in the Baltic Sea off the Swedish east coast, and also monitor changes that occurred after the shift. Radiocarbon dating and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of bones and teeth from 123 human individuals, along with faunal isotope data from 27 species, applying to nine sites on Öland and covering a time span from the Mesolithic to the Roman Period, demonstrate a great diversity in food practices, mainly governed by culture and independent of climatic changes. There was a marked dietary shift during the second half of the third millennium from a mixed marine diet to the use of exclusively terrestrial resources, interpreted as marking the large-scale introduction of farming. Contrary to previous claims, this took place at the end of the Neolithic and not at the onset. Our data also show that culturally induced dietary transitions occurred continuously throughout prehistory. The availability of high-resolution data on various levels, from intra-individual to inter-population, makes stable isotope analysis a powerful tool for studying the evolution of food practices.     

Ancient DNA in human bones from Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in Greece and Crete

Attempts were made to detect ancient DNA (aDNA) in samples of 88 human skeletons from eight Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in Greece and Crete. Ancient DNA was absent in specimens from Nea Nikomedia, Lerna, Karaviádena (Zakro), Antron Grave Circle A and Mycenae Grave Circle A. For each of three skeletons from Antron Grave Circle B that were sampled, polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) gave products for nuclear but not mitochondrial DNA, but amplicon yield was low and inconsistent with replicate PCRs failing to give reproducible results. With specimens from Mycenae Grave Circle B, evidence for mitochondrial aDNA was obtained for four of the 22 skeletons that were studied, and at Kouphovouno evidence for mitochondrial and/or nuclear aDNA was obtained with eight of the 20 skeletons that were examined. We conclude that, although aDNA might be present in some Eastern Mediterranean skeletons from later centuries of the Bronze Age, it is not commonly found in material from this period and is likely to be absent from older material.     

安徽省南陵县江木冲古铜矿冶炼遗物自然科学研究及意义

本通过对江木冲冶炼遗址古铜矿、古炼渣、古铜锭及青铜器的对比研究,利用矿床学、冶金学等理论,探索利用自然科学手段解决其输出路线问题,提出了判别其产物(铜锭)的特征微量元素和其它综合判别标志,同时也为青铜器其它矿料来源(尤其锡矿)难题的解决进行了技术路线探索和方法研究。     

热释光测定青铜器陶范年代

本工作利用热释光法对9件青铜器中的陶范进行了间接青铜器年代测定,揭示了这些青铜器的真实年代,并为青铜器定代提供了重要的科学依据。由于大部分中大型的青铜器中都存有陶范,并在取样过程中一般不会对器物造成伤害而为文物界所接受,使得这一方法在青铜器的真伪鉴定中具有广阔的应用前景,也是目前青铜器真伪鉴定中最有效的科学方法之一。     

Size differences between limb bones of recent and subfossil mute swans Cygnus olor

Limb bones of Mute Swan Cygnus olor from neolithic to bronze age Cambridgeshire peat were larger than those of a recent sample when compared biometrically. The decrease in overall size that this may indicate could be part of an evolutionary trend.     

郑韩故城出土青铜器的矿料来源初步分析

基于富集在铜料中而保留其母矿信息的元素可以用于示踪青铜器的矿料来源,为了解郑韩故城青铜器的矿料来源,利用ICP-AES方法对郑韩故城出土东周时期青铜器的微量元素进行了检测。结果显示,21个青铜器样品微量元素特征具有相对一致性,推测可能具有相同的原料来源。与小双桥遗址出土青铜器的微量元素特征进行对比,二者存在明显的差异,说明从商代中期到春秋战国时期,这一地区的原料来源发生了改变。研究结果可为研究东周时期这一地区铜业发展状况提供线索。