British Surrenders and the South African War, 1899–1902

Based on primary research, this article examines more than 1000 cases of surrender in the British Army during the South African War, 1899–1902. It concludes that the majority of surrenders were caused by five conditions: faulty leadership, the removal of effective leadership through injury or death, lack of necessary supplies, decisive disadvantage in terms of numbers and the use of questionable tactics by the enemy. An examination of surrender gives insight into morale, resource allocation, discipline, decision-making and military law.     

The Historiography of Deir Yassin

This article describes Israeli and Arab historiography concerning the events in the Arab village of Deir Yassin in April 1948, during the first Israeli–Arab war, of 1948. It begins with the internal, left–right Israeli controversy during 1969–71 about the alleged massacre and then describes and analyses what “really” happened at Deir Yassin on the basis of the Israeli (and, to a smaller extent, British) documentation from 1948 that has been declassified over the last few years. It then concludes by describing the evolution of the Israel and Palestinian histographical narratives on the event.     

A Contextual Analysis of Nervous Force in Medico-Scientific and Literary Writings in English of the Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth Centuries

This study concerns the context of use of the term “nervous force,” as it appears in scientific and literary publications in English over the course of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth century. The context of use, loss, or waste of nervous force and the context of nervous force as an expression of an attribute are analyzed in 189 scientific and 105 literary writings. Both contexts appeared in literary writings, where nervous force expresses the attributes of strength, forcefulness, vigor, or energy and use, loss or waste of nervous force explains such nonmorbid conditions as why someone is tired or needs rest. Only the context of use-loss-waste appeared in the medico-scientific literature, but here it explained both nonmorbid conditions (for example, effects of old age) and morbid conditions (like epilepsy). Changes in the number of these references give insights into the medico-scientific and the literary disciplines. Discussions include why nervous force is associated with explanation of disease, the persistence of its use in this capacity, and its influence on a similar use in literary writings.     

A Review of: “Theodore L. Sourkes. The Life and Work of J.L.W. Thudichum (1828–1901).”

This article explores the short history of “neuroscience” as a discipline in its own right as opposed to the much longer past of the brain sciences. It focuses on one historical moment, the formation of the first British “neuroscience” society, the Brain Research Association (BRA), renamed in 1996 to the British Neuroscience Association (BNA). It outlines the new thinking brought about by this new science of brain, mind, and behavior, it sketches the beginnings of the BRA and the institutionalization of neuroscience in the British context, and it further explores the ambiguous relation the association had towards some of the ethical, social, and political implications of this new area of research.     

WOMEN IN RELIEF WORK

This article suggests that it could be fruitful to approach women's employment in the context of the labour market rather than the household. In Finland until World War II, the public‐work schemes and relief work were the preferred policies concerning unemployed men and women. Women eligible to relief work were taken to work in mainly textiles in non‐residential workhouses. The difficulties faced in applying the ‘workfare’ policy to unemployed women paved the way for cash benefits in post‐war Finland. It is suggested that the Finnish case opens up a wider perspective on the relationship between the ideology of workfare and the rise and fall of the hegemony of wage labour.     

Stalin and Togliatti: Italy and the Origins of the Cold War/Tito: A Biography

The 1956 Suez Crisis has attracted enormous attention and been widely seen as marking a sea change in Britain's position in the Middle East and within the Anglo-American special relationship. Yet in September 1951 the Attlee government had already signalled waning British power in pulling back from major unilateral military action to defend Britain's single most important overseas asset: the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and its huge operations in Iran. What this crisis revealed of British aspirations in the Middle East and within the special relationship has not received the attention it deserves. This article examines the Attlee government's decision to ‘scuttle’ from Abadan in September 1951. It first places the decision in the context of Anglo-American relations and great cumulative pressure in favour of British military action. It then weighs various considerations claimed in the extant literature to explain the British decision. In doing so it disagrees with suggestions that British military intervention was precluded by an understanding between Truman and Attlee that such action was acceptable only in a narrow range of circumstances for fear of retaliatory Soviet intervention in Iran. It also argues that accounts that correctly emphasise US opposition to the use of force as the key restraint on the Attlee government could and should have gone further. Specifically, it needs to be better appreciated just how the Truman administration actively undermined potential British recourse to military intervention, infused other potential constraints with extra weight and helped delay a Cabinet decision until a point when armed intervention was least likely to achieve British ends.     

The ‘Sex Question’ in Anglo-American Relations in the Second World War

During the viceroyalty of Lord Curzon, 1899–1905, the Persian Gulf states came to be treated by Calcutta as closely analogous to Indian Princely states. This shift in policy was most clearly expressed in the state tour of the Gulf in 1903 by the Viceroy. During this tour a number of symbolic, informational, diplomatic, and military methods were employed by the British to expand the role of the Indian Empire in the Persian Gulf. Curzon paid particularly close attention to his government's relationship with Muscat (modern Oman) and Kuwait. The catalyst for this change in the way the Government of India treated the Gulf states was a fear that France, Russia, and Germany were attempting to gain a foothold in the region. Historians of British Indian expansion have tended to focus on the role of ambitious frontier agents; the result has been a distortion which underplays the central role of metropolitan Calcutta, and in this case Lord Curzon, the Viceroy himself.     

British Conservative Opinion and the Problem of Germany after the First World War

This work examines British conservative attitudes towards the Weimar Republic through the lens of several specific issues from the armistice up to the Ruhr Crisis of 1923. The author argues that a curious feature of British conservative opinion following the First World War was the consistent hostility British conservatives demonstrated towards the new German democratic state. To be sure, Great Britain had just fought a long and costly war against Germany, and there had been little time for the passions generated by the war to cool. Still, from the early days of the political changes in October and November of 1918, the German government was firmly committed to democratic principles. This was a development that the British nation claimed to favour, but the war left many British conservatives ill disposed to consider that the ‘inner change’ in Germany might be genuine or that a stable German democracy was possible. During its formative years, the Weimar Republic faced enormous challenges that would have tested any nation. Yet, even as political and economic conditions within Germany undermined prospects for democracy to succeed in that country, many British conservatives declined to take these developments seriously. Indeed, the attitudes of British conservatives substantially added to the difficulties the German government faced in dealing with the problems of the post-war world.     

Reviews of Book

Geoffrey Blainey. A Short History of the World. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002. Pp. xi, 464. 827.50 (US). Reviewed by W. Warren Wagar

Alfred W. Crosby. Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology through History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 206. $26.00 (US). Reviewed by William H. Mcneill

Edwin G. Pulleyblank. Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, Variorum, 2002. Pp. xii, 312. $105.95 (US). Reviewed by Nicola Di Cosmo

Sanjay Subrahmanyam. Penumbral Visions: Making Polities in Early Modern South India. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. Pp. ix, 295. $49.50 (US). Reviewed by Chandra R. De Silva

Susan B. Edgington and Sarah Lambert, eds. Gendering the Crusades. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. Pp. xvi, 215. $18.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Peter Edbury

Thomas T. Allsen. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xiii, 245. 860.00 (US). Reviewed by Jonathan Shepard

Haim Beinart. The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain, trans. Jeffrey M. Green. Oxford and Portland: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2002. Pp. xv, 591. $85.00 (US). Reviewed by Felipe Fernández-Armesto

H. G. Koenigsberger. Monarchies, States Generals, and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xix, 381. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by Christine Kooi

Mary Elizabeth Ailes. Military Migration and State Formation: The British Military Community in Seventeenth-Century Sweden. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. Pp. xiv, 192. $50.00 (US). Reviewed by Edward Furgol

Alastair Hamilton. Arab Culture and Ottoman Magnificence in Antwerp's Golden Age. London and Oxford: The Arcadian Library in association with Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. 134. £60.00. Reviewed by Deborah Howard

HARRY G. GELBER. Nations out of Empires: European Nationalism and the Transformation of Asia. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. ix, 263. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Fred Halliday

Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose, eds. Elizabeth I: Collected Works. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Pp. xxiv, 446. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by John Craig

Jeremy Black. European International Relations, 1648–1815. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. xiii, 274. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Jennifer Mori

Mlada Bukovansky. Legitimacy and Power Politics: The American and French Revolutions in International Political Culture. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp. viii, 255. $39.50 (US). Reviewed by Norman Hampson

Patricia Seed. American Pentimento: The Invention of Indians and the Pursuit of Riches. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 299. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Sarah H. Hill

Patrick Griffin. The People with No Name: Ireland's Ulster Scots, America's Scots Irish, and the Creation of a British Atlantic World, 1689–1764. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001. Pp. xv, 244. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by K. David Milobar

Thomas Philipp. Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. Pp. 299. $17.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by DINA Rizk Khoury

Don H. Doyle. Nations Divided: America, Italy, and the Southern Question. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 2002. Pp. xvii, 130. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by Enrico Dal Lago

Charles John Fedorak. Henry Addington, Prime Minister, 1801–1804: Peace, War, and Parliamentary Politics. Akron: University of Akron Press, 2002. Pp. xvii, 268. $44.95 (US). Reviewed by J. E. Cookson

Dáire Keogh and Kevin Whelan, eds. Acts of Union: The Causes, Contexts, and Consequences of the Act of Union. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. 270. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Jim Smyth

Klaus Gallo. Great Britain and Argentina: From Invasion to Recognition, 1806-26. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. vi, 195. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Andrew S. Thompson

Rory Muir. Salamanca 1812. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001. Pp. xiv, 322. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Richard Thorburn Herzog

William Barr, ed. and annotated. From Barrow to Boothia: The Arctic Journal of Chief Factor Peter Warren Dease, 1836–1839. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. xi, 330. $49.95 (CDN). Reviewed by William R. Morrison

Timothy Brook and Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, eds. Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000. Pp. xiv, 444. $22.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by David Clayton

John Mason Hart. Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002. Pp.xi, 677. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Thomas Schoonover

Jeremy Black. Warfare in the Western World, 1882–1975. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 243. $19.95 (US)J paper; Jeremy Black, ed. European Warfare, 1815–2000. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. vii, 247. $22.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by Craig Gibson

Paul B. Miller. From Revolutionaries to Citizens: Antimilitarism in France, 1870–1914. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 277. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Martin Ceadel

David Healy. James G. Blaine and Latin America. Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 2001. Pp. vii, 278. $39–95 (US). Reviewed by Edward P. Crapol

Rolf Hobson. Imperialism at Sea: Naval Strategic Thought, the Ideology of Sea Power, and the Tirpitz Plan, 1875–1914. Boston and Leiden: Brill, 2002. Pp. x, 358. $90.00 (US). Reviewed by John Beeler

Roderick R. McLean. Royalty and Diplomacy in Europe, 1890–1914. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 239. $54.95 (US). Reviewed by David French

Philippe Chassaigne and Michael Dockrill, eds. Anglo-French Relations, 1898–1998: From Fashoda to Jospin. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. xiii, 211. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Anthony Adamthwaite

Rebecca E. Karl. Staging the World: Chinese Nationalism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 314. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Joan Judge

Christopher Mckee. Sober Men and True: Sailor Lives in the Royal Navy, 1900–1945. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2002. Pp.285. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Geoffrey Till

Andrew Mango. Atatürk. London: John Murray, 2001. Pp. xiii, 666. £18.00, paper. Reviewed by Frank Tachau

Susan Solomon. The Coldest March: Scott's Fatal Antarctic Expedition. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001. Pp. xxii, 383. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Bryan C. Storey

Jaroslaw Suchoples. Finland and the United States, 1917–1919: The Early Years of Mutual Relations, trans. Tadeuz Z. Wolahski. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2000; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. 221. $29.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by David W. McFadden

David Henry Slavin. Colonial Cinema and Imperial France, 1919–1939: White Blind Spots, Male Fantasies, Settler Myths. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. Pp. xv, 300. $42.50 (US). Reviewed by ?William B. Cohen

David French. Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War against Germany, 1919–1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 319. 821.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by B. J. C. McKercher

Joseph Moretz. The Royal Navy and the Capital Ship in the Interwar Period: An Operational Perspective. London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2002. Pp. xxi, 292. $57.50 (US). Reviewed by Keith Neilson

Frances Gouda with Thus Brocades Zaalberg. American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920–1949. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2002. Pp. 382. €31.90, paper. Reviewed by Gary R. Hess

György Péteri. Global Monetary Regime and National Central Banking: The Case of Hungary, 1921–1929, trans. Mario D. Fenyo. Boulder and Wayne: East European Monographs and Center for Hungarian Studies, 2002; dist. New York: Columbia University Press. Pp. x, 199. $30.00 (US). Reviewed by Jürgen Nautz

David Dutton. Neville Chamberlain. London and New York: Arnold and Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 245. £12.99 paper. Reviewed by Joseph A. Maiolo

Steven T. Ross, ed. US War Plans: 1938–1945. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 2002. Pp. ix, 371. $89.95 (US) Reviewed by Allan R. Millett

Radomir Luza with Christina Vella. The Hitler Kiss: A Memoir of the Czech Resistance. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002. Pp. x, 295. $34.95 (US). Reviewed by Igor Lukes

Nicholas Tarling. A Sudden Rampage: The Japanese Occupation of Southeast Asia, 1941–1945. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001. Pp. xv, 286. $36.00 (US). Reviewed by Nicholas J. White

Andrew J. Whitfield. Hong Kong, Empire, and the Anglo-American Alliance at War, 1941-45. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. xii, 266. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Chan Lau Kit-Ching

James McAllister. NO Exit: America and the German Problem, 1943–1954. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2002. Pp. viii, 283. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Frank Ninkovich

Peter C. Kent. The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe, 1943–1950. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. viii, 321. $45.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Owen Chadwick

Tim Jones. Postwar Counterinsurgency and the SAS, 1945–1952: A Special Type of Warfare. London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2001. Pp. xxii, 233. $49.50 (US). Reviewed by Colin McInnes

Richard Overy. Interrogations: The Nazi Elite in Allied Hands, 1945. New York and London: Viking, 2001. Pp. xxii, 650. $32.95 (US). Reviewed by Norman J. W. Goda

Joy Damousi. Living with the Aftermath: Trauma, Nostalgia, and Grief in Postwar Australia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. viii, 240. $60.00 (US). Reviewed by Bruce Scates

Sean M. Maloney. Canada and UN Peacekeeping: Cold War by Other Means, 1945-1970. St Catharines, Ont.: Vanwell Publishing, 2002. Pp. xiv, 265. $35.00 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Desmond Morton

Arnold A. Offner. Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–1953. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 626. $37.95 (US) Reviewed by Andrew J. Dunar

Frank Heinlein. British Government Policy and Decolonisation, 1945–1963: Scrutinising the Official Mind. London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2002. Pp. xiii, 337- $57.50 (US). Reviewed by David Goldsworthy

Matthew Connelly. A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post-Cold War Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. xviii, 400. $113.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Phillip C. Naylor

Martin Schain, ed. The Marshall Plan: Fifty Years After. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. xiii, 297. $59.95 (US); Vibeke Sørensen. Denmark's Social Democratic Government and the Marshall Plan, 1947–1950, ed. Mogens Riidiger. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen, 2001; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. 360. $47.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Alan S. Milward

Sumit Ganguly. Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions since 1947. New York: Columbia University Press; Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2001. Pp. 187. $18.50 (US), paper; C. Dasgupta. War and Diplomacy in Kashmir, 1947-48. New Delhi and Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2002. Pp. 239. $44.00 (US). Reviewed by Anita Inder Singh

Hubert Zimmermann. Money and Security: Troops, Monetary Policy, and West Germany's Relations with the United States and Britain, 1950–1971. Washington and New York: German Historical Institute and Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xvi, 275. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Donald Abenheim

Jennifer Milliken. The Social Construction of the Korean War: Conflict and Its Possibilities. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2001; dist. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Pp. xi, 258. $107.00 (CDN). Reviewed by K. M. Fierke

Percy Cradock. Know Your Enemy: How the Joint Intelligence Committee Saw the World. London: John Murray, 2002. Pp. xii, 351. £25.00. Reviewed by Richard J. Aldrich

The Military History Institute Of Vietnam. Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975, trans. Merle L. Pribbenow; foreword by William J. Duiker. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002. Pp. xxvi, 494. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Robert K. Brigham

Jeffrey Glen Giauque. Grand Designs and Visions of Unity: The Adantic Powers and the Reorganization of Western Europe, 1955–1963. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2002; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. 326. $32.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Wolfram Kaiser

Robert D. Dean. Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001. Pp. x, 329. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Wesley T. Wooley

Piero Gleijeses. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2002; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xix, 552. $57.75 (CDN). Reviewed by Wayne S. Smith

M. E. Sarotte. Dealing with the Devil: East Germany, Dátente, and Ostpolitik, 1969–1973. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2001; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xvii, 295. $32.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Helga Haftendorn

Wakaizumi Kei. The Best Course Available: A Personal Account of the Secret US Japan Okinawa Reversion Negotiations, ed. John Swenson-Wright. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002. Pp. x, 367. $49.00 (US). Reviewed by Hugo Dobson

Delia M. Boylan. Defusing Democracy: Central Bank Autonomy and the Transition from Authoritarian Rule. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. Pp. xiii, 295. $49.50 (US). Reviewed by Sylvia Maxfield

Ahmed Rashid. Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002. Pp. xiv, 281. $24.00 (US). Reviewed by Virginia Martin

François Furet and Ernst Nolte. Fascism and Communism, trans. Katherine Golsan. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. Pp. xvii, 98. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Martin Kitchen

Mark R. Beissinger. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 503. $80.00 (US). Reviewed by Taras Kuzio

Elinor C. Sloan. The Revolution in Military Affairs: Implications for Canada and NATO. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. xi, 188. $24.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Joel J. Sokolsky

Michael Keren and Donald A. Sylvan, eds. International Intervention: Sovereignty versus Responsibility. London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2002. Pp. xi, 191. $26.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Nicholas Onuf

Darren G. Hawkins. International Human Rights and Authoritarian Rule in Chile. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. Pp. xiii, 259. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Brian Loveman

Akira Iriye. Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002. Pp. ix, 246. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Chadwick F. Alger