Rubble Stone Masonry Walls Strengthened by Three-Dimensional Steel Ties and Textile-Reinforced Mortar Render,Under Compression and Shear Loads

This article addresses the results of a structural strengthening solution for rubble stone masonry walls. The strengthening includes inserting three-dimensional steel ties across the thickness of the walls and a 30-mm layer of air-lime and cement mortar render reinforced with glass fiber mesh (textile-reinforced mortar), on both sides of the wall. The strengthening solution was found to be efficient for rehabilitating ancient rubble stone masonry walls due to the “three-dimensional” confinement, provided by the steel wires, by offsetting the low cohesive capacity of the mortar used in the walls and thus improving the mechanical resistance and delaying the collapse mechanisms. This study is part of an experimental research program carried out in Universidade Nova de Lisboa, to evaluate structural strengthening solutions for ancient rubble stone masonry buildings. To this end, three specimens of rubble stone masonry walls without strengthening (unreinforced masonry) and other three, with the mentioned strengthening solution, were subjected to compression and shear load tests. Building materials were also tested in order to characterize physical, chemical and mechanical properties.     

Assessment of out-of-plane behavior of rammed earth walls by pull-down tests

This article reports pull-down tests performed on rammed earth construction in Bhutan. The pull–down specimens involved an old rammed earth building component as well as a newly prepared rammed earth wall. Both the wall specimens were tested in out-of-plane direction. Theoretical rigid body formulation and finite element (FE) models were developed to predict the response of the rammed earth structures under out-of-plane loading. The validated FE model was further extended to parametric study of material and physical characteristics of rammed earth construction and their effect on critical response quantities. The change in elastic modulus showed effect in the pre-cracking phase of the wall. Density of rammed earth on the other hand affected the post-peak response of the rammed earth wall. Furthermore, an increase in the physical characteristics, namely, the thickness of wall and the vertical superimposed load on top of the wall, enhanced the rocking resistance capacity of the out-of-plane loaded rammed earth walls.     

重庆忠县砂砖厂西汉土坑墓发掘简报

重庆忠县砂砖厂1、2号土坑墓出土陶、铜、铁、石器50余件,1号墓的器物反映了当地文化传统在西汉早期的传承性,2号墓有两件陶钵的下腹均有形似"日"字的符号,其上有一个小圆圈的阴刻符号,可能有特殊意义。这两座墓为峡江考古提供了新资料。     

桃渚城城墙病害初步调研与保护对策探讨

临海桃渚城建于明代,是浙江保存最完好的抗倭卫所城址,全国重点文物保护单位。通过对桃渚城的现存状况进行调查分析可知,城墙目前存在局部垮塌、鼓闪、灰浆流失等病害,其本身的构造缺陷加上降雨和植物生长的共同作用是病害的主要成因。这类问题在东南沿海地区的古城墙中具有一定普遍性。针对这些病害以及桃渚城的构造特点,结合国内一些城墙保护的工程实例,提出桃渚城的保护策略:加强墙体的结构稳定性、加固墙芯填土、增设墙顶防水措施、及时疏改威胁本体安全的植物,可为后续以及同类城墙的保护工作提供参考。     

公元七至十四世纪中国扶壁形制流变研究

本文通过对中国现存的古代木构建筑、《营造法式》以及其它相关间接史料的研究,揭示出公元7-14世纪中国扶壁形制的典型类型及其分区、分期特征。并在此基础之上探讨了此时期中国南北方建筑的部分区域特点,以及《营造法式》的部分地域渊源与流布关系。     

南京明城墙砖文中的基层组织研究

南京明城墙砖文中保存的信息有助于对明初役制组织的研究.从已发现的"均工夫"纪年砖可知,明初筑造城墙所需工役人员主要以均工夫役的方式获得,早期组织形式并不完备:约洪武十年后发展为推行以"甲"为建制的基层组织,从官吏到基层的组织形式巳基本完备;至洪武十七年停止.与凤阳中都明初砖文比较可知,这一基层组织形式可能借鉴明中都军工...     

河南孟津县马村晋墓的发掘

2010年6月,为配合洛阳铁路枢纽建设,洛阳市文物工作队在孟津县平乐镇马村发掘了一座西晋时期墓葬(C10M823)。C10M823位于汉魏洛阳城西北部约6公里,西距焦柳铁路约0.5公里,东距二广高速公路约1公里(图一)。一、墓葬形制C10M823形制较特殊,由墓道、甬道、墓室和耳室组成,主室为砖室,耳室均为土洞(图二)。墓葬方向185度。墓道位于墓室     

湖北黄冈市对面墩东汉墓地发掘简报

2002年11月至2003年1月,湖北省文物考古研究所等单位在对面墩墓地发掘了三座东汉晚期的砖室墓。M1为带双耳室的前、后双室墓,规模较大,墓室结构基本完整;M2为带侧室和排水沟的横前堂双后室墓;M3为带耳室的单室墓。三座墓共出土陶器、青瓷器、铜器、铁器、金器、玉器等各类遗物161件(套)。     

Performance of Wall to Diaphragm Anchors for Use in Seismic Upgrade of Heritage Masonry Buildings

Performance of wall to diaphragm (WD) anchors in heritage unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings during the recent New Zealand earthquake series is commented on, detailing typical failure modes. Current building code provisions for the design of masonry anchors are discussed and overview of an associated experimental program investigating the effectiveness of a relatively new type of retrofit WD anchors is presented. A total of 40 anchors were tested for pull out capacity (POC), of which 30 were installed in salvaged heritage material assemblages and 10 were tested in-situ at a heritage URM building. The POC of anchors ranged from 13.01 kN to 23.12 kN when installed in a heritage URM wall and between 9.54 kN and 12.16 kN when driven from side into two consecutive floor joists of a heritage timber diaphragm. Investigated also were the effects of embedment length, installation quality, anchor location, condition of masonry, and condition of substrate materials on anchor performance.     

The Structure and Chemical Composition of Wall Paintings From Islamic and Christian Times in the Seville Alcazar

Wall paintings from the Islamic epoch (10th to 12th centuries) and the Christian monarchy (14th to 16th centuries) have been recovered in discarded materials and on walls after reconstruction works in the Seville Alcazar. These paintings have spent centuries underground or under a plaster coat. Portable X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) and combined XRF/X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were employed in situ, as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDX), grazing angle incidence XRD and micro‐Raman spectroscopy, on cross‐section samples to fully characterize the materials in the wall paintings. Using these methods, the fresco technique was demonstrated, and many kinds of pigments were identified in accordance with the various periods of the history of the Alcazar, thus assessing the authenticity of all the wall paintings studied here.