书画装裱粘接剂糊化及剥离强度研究

浆糊是书画装裱过程中主要的黏合材料,是装裱优劣和成败的关键,浆糊的制作条件决定其使用品质。为此,本工作以书画装裱用的粘接剂小麦淀粉为原料,采用快速粘度分析仪(RVA)制作糊化淀粉,研究了不同浓度、搅拌速率、搅拌时间和最高温度等制作条件对糊化曲线的影响。结果表明随着浓度的增加,衰减值和回生值分别增大,说明浆糊的稳定性差、冷却后凝胶性强。随着搅拌时间和速率的增加,最终粘度下降。最高温度对糊化特性曲线形状有影响,最高温度越高,糊化温度升高,最终粘度增大。利用物性仪测试了不同陈化时间对成糊淀粉粘接力的影响。陈化时间越长,糊化淀粉发生大分子链降解或重结晶等不同程度的老化,表现为剥离强度减小,粘附性下降。由实验结果确定浆糊的最优制作条件是浓度3g/25mL,温度95℃,搅拌时间2min,搅拌速度120r/min。以上工作在验证传统经验的同时也给书画装裱提供了理论依据。     

生物揭展剂在古书画文物揭展中的应用

揭展是书画重新装裱过程中最重要的一环。在装裱过程中所用的浆糊往往与画心、命纸很难分离,导致揭展过程复杂,且容易造成古书画的损毁。传统的水闷润揭展法对于难揭展的纸质画心极易揭晃。为解决这一问题,利用芽胞杆菌发酵产生的含有淀粉酶的胞外液制备生物揭展剂,并通过作用于宣纸老化材料验证了揭展效果。试验结果表明:枯草芽胞杆菌的发酵液去除菌体并透析后获得的生物揭展剂揭展效果较好。利用扫描电镜和拉力强度检测分析了生物揭展剂对书画文物的影响。结果表明:该生物揭展剂能够降低剥离力和纤维指数,与用水闷润相比,增加了宣纸样品在闷润后的抗拉强度,且对宣纸微观结构无明显影响;观察生物揭展后100天的样品并没有霉菌生成,表明该生物揭展剂具有很好的揭展安全性。在此基础上,对成套明代水陆画进行揭展,取得了良好效果。     

An Examination of Terminal Archaic Bone and Antler Implements from the Firehouse Site,Dearborn County,Indiana

The Firehouse site (12D563) is a Terminal Archaic Riverton culture site located on a bluff overlooking the confluence of the Ohio and Great Miami Rivers in Dearborn County, Indiana. Excavations at the site in 2003 and 2004 yielded a highly diverse assemblage of around 300 bone and antler implements. Such large assemblages of organic tools are rare outside of wet sites, rockshelters, and shell middens and provide a unique opportunity for the study of tool forms not typically recovered in the Midwest. A typological analysis of the Firehouse assemblage indicates some similarities between these tools and Riverton culture bone and antler implements from the type sites in Illinois. Additionally, a microscopic analysis of manufacturing microtraces indicates that most tools were made using a lithic shaving (rather than an abrasion) technique.     

On bad terms: Problems and solutions within zooarchaeological bone surface modification studies

The identification of butchery marks in the zooarchaeological record has consistently been debated. Much experimental work has been done to understand the causal agents behind some bone surface modifications, but recent controversies show that there is still no consensus. Terminology is not consistent between researchers, and there is ambiguity in how characteristics of marks are described and interpreted. There is also a lack of understanding of what causes individual variables within marks made by different agents, which is compounded by mark morphologies being described in terms that imply their causality. This paper examines these two problems in light of historic and current trends in the taphonomic literature, and recommends ways to describe marks that will facilitate more effective communication between researchers. It is proposed that greater standardisation within zooarchaeology is needed in seven key areas, and that this is the best avenue for moving into a new phase of taphonomic research.     

A bone grease processing station at the Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village: Archaeological evidence for the exploitation of bone fats

Recent excavations at the Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village, an Initial Middle Missouri site in Mitchell, South Dakota have revealed a large, clay-lined feature filled with fractured and fragmented bison bones. Fracture and fragmentation analysis, along with taphonomic evidence, suggests that the bones preserved within the feature represent evidence of prehistoric bone marrow and bone grease exploitation. Further, the character of the feature suggests that it served as a bone grease processing station. Bone fat exploitation is an activity that is frequently cited as a causal explanation for the nature of many fractured and fragmented bone assemblages in prehistory, and zooarchaeological assemblages have frequently been studied as evidence of bone fat exploitation. The Mitchell example provides some of the first direct, in-situ archaeological evidence of a bone grease processing feature, and this interpretation is sustained by substantial analytical evidence suggesting bone fat exploitation. This new evidence provides a clearer concept of the nature of bone fat exploitation in prehistory as well as an indication of the scale and degree to which bone grease exploitation occurred at the Mitchell site. Finally, this research demonstrates the importance of careful zooarchaeological and taphonomic analysis for the interpretation of both artifactual remains as well as archaeological features.     

Sticking to the Stand of Chinese Culture and Promoting Cultural Self-Confidence and SelfImprovement

Sticking to the stand of Chinese culture is the basic premise of promoting cultural self-confidence and self-improvement. Only by thinking rationally about the inheritance, borrow-in, development, and promotion of culture can we grasp the essence of sticking to the stand of Chinese culture. To inherit the traditional culture, we should combine the new practice with the requirements of the times and take its essence while discarding its dross. The key to learning from foreign cultures is to give priority to ourselves and use them for our purposes. We can not swallow it all down and blindly use it. To develop socialist culture, we should, on the one hand, respect the national cultural tradition and on the other hand, constantly innovate and create a new culture. To carry forward Chinese culture, we need to meet the people’s growing spiritual and cultural demands internally and strengthen the influence of the spread of Chinese civilization, promoting Chinese culture to the world.     

Stable isotope evidence for salt-marsh grazing in the Bronze Age Severn Estuary,UK: implications for palaeodietary analysis at coastal sites

Stable isotope analyses of modern coastal and salt-marsh plant species (‘salt-loving’ plants or halophytes) have demonstrated that these are significantly enriched in ¹⁵N compared to other terrestrial plants. Coastal salt-marshes were far more extensive in the past than they are today. They represented a vast and much-exploited resource in many areas of the UK and north-western Europe and were considered to be prime land for the grazing of animal stock.     

Characterization and textural analysis of Middle Bronze Age Transdanubian inlaid wares of the Encrusted Pottery Culture,Hungary: a preliminary study

Inlaid ceramics belonging to the Encrusted Pottery Culture and dated to the Middle Bronze Age (2000–1500 BC) are highly distinctive vessels with complex decorative motifs found in large numbers in the Transdanubia region of Hungary. Despite this considerable corpus of material there has been little systematic investigation of the composition of the inlays. Micro-analysis of Transdanubian inlaid wares by X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides new compositional, structural and textural information on the inlays. In contrast to common statements in the literature regarding the materials used to make inlays, these new data show that the majority of inlays are composed of hydroxyapatite (bone) that was previously ashed, although some of the inlays are composed of calcium carbonate. Additional compositional and textural variation in the bone inlays suggests that bone material from different skeletal elements and/or of different age may have been used, and that contrasting recipes for inlay preparation were employed during fabrication. These results suggest that the production of inlaid vessels of the Encrusted Pottery Culture was more complex than has hitherto been thought.     

Diagenesis in bone and enamel apatite carbonate; the potential of density separation to assess the original composition

This paper presents a new approach to the isotopic measurement of diagenetically altered archaeological bone apatite carbonate. We describe how the existing differential dissolution method may be combined with a new approach to remove diagenetically reformed material on the basis of its greater specific gravity. We show that heavier, more diagenetically altered fraction has a higher (altered) δ¹³C and also increased crystallinity within one individual. In addition, we proposed one potential tool to check the validity of bone carbonate by comparing bone collagen, enamel carbonate and bone carbonate values of δ¹³C and radiocarbon content from the same individual. In the case of Danebury cattle, we estimated the biogenic δ¹³C_apa value for DC83 and DC89, although it is still difficult to overcome diagenesis in order to meet the expected value, which is shown to be 1.9‰ (DC83) and 3.5‰ (DC89).     

矿化溶液浸泡-气体扩散法加固骨质文物

本研究探讨了以钙源、磷酸盐源、胶原蛋白矿化溶液浸泡—气体扩散多循环法加固古代骨骼材料的工艺方法，并利用超景深显微镜、傅里叶转换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和色度分析法、抗压强度试验等方法研究了保护效果。结果表明，利用该工艺处理后的生物磷灰石骨骼具有加固材料成分和骨质本体一致，原位合成且深入到骨质内部等特点，克服了有机聚合物及其他矿物材料简单物理充填的一些弊端，且处理过程简单、效率高、外观改变小，能满足对脆弱骨质文物、人骨及其他动物骨骼的加固保护需求。